Pride and Prejudice Essay Example for Free

Pride and Prejudice Essaycollins and many of the otherwise characters menti hotshotd indoors the novel. Social class also determines who one may marry, and this plays an extremely signifi washbasint role within the lives of Jane and Elizabeth white avens. Jane bennet is a crucial character within Pride and Prejudice. She portrays the role of Elizabeth Bennets one and only gray-headeder sis. Jane is considered to be the only giving girl in the room, by Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy, and this occurs at the addict which is held in Netherfield. At this ball, she dances with a man by the name of Mr.Bingley, a man of large fortune who is described as world good tone and gentlemanlike pleasant countenance, and easy, unaffected manners (Austen 6). As a result of the ball, Mr. Bingley and Jane spend more time together, and it is assumed that they are together, as a couple. Mr. Bingley has devil sisters who act all sisterly-like towards Jane, and then crush her heart by saying that Bin gley will non return to Netherfield, and will virtually likely find Mr. Darcys sister more hand about and agreeable than Jane.This is done by the Bingley sisters some likely because of Janes lower social status, and they would not want their brother marrying a sort of peasant girl, or a girl who is of a much lower status than himself. Due to social class in society at this time, Jane ends up getting her heart crushed, which is sad and tragic for a woman during this time period, especially when the woman has feelings for such a suitor. Should a woman describe her feelings for a suitor, and then that suitor goes off and marries another, the reputation of the first woman and her family is, in a sense, ruined.Elizabeth Bennet is the main female character whom the story revolves around. She is treat in a very similar manner as Jane however, Jane is treated with more compassion and seems to be loved more by everyone, whereas Elizabeth is the to the lowest degree want of the five da ughters in the Bennet family, and slew tend to pass her up. Due to her social stature, as well as her reputation as being the least liked and less handsome, Elizabeth is treated the way she is. She is, in a way, treated as an inferior to Jane due to all of the factors mentioned previously. Elizabeth is also put down in many ways.Considering that she is less handsome than her sister, she is, in a way, a target of insult for Darcy, as he says that she is not good enough or slightly enough to grab his attention (7). In all, Elizabeth leads a rather difficult life, not being recognized by her peers or by suitors who should real be so lucky to ease up her. Pride within Pride and Prejudice is seen as a common theme throughout the whole novel. Pride is what causes people to behave the way they do, acting arrogant and egotistical. Pride contributes to how people view society, believing that one is better than the rest of society and being conceited.Pride is what causes feuds most of the time, turning one against another with the argument that one is better than the other in many aspects. Prejudice, contrary to pride, is not seen quite as often. However, prejudice, although not as common, follows similar principles as pride. Prejudice causes people to behave the way they do, believing that a certain social class, ethnicity, or gender is inferior to ones own. Prejudice also contributes to how people view society, again, believing that a certain characteristic contributes to where people stand on the social ladder.Prejudice, just now like pride, can cause feuds by causing one party to believe that the other party is inferior to them, and is usually based on the factors of social class, ethnicity, or gender. Austen most likely made the decision of having pride go forth frequently, whereas prejudice is practically nowhere to be found, in order to make note of the difference mingled with the two terms. Pride is seen used more often by Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy, whereas p rejudice is seen commonly used by Miss Elizabeth Bennet. Elizabeth Bennet, throughout the novel, shows signs of prejudice against Mr.Darcy in particular. When they appear at the ball in Netherfield, Austen states, His character was decided. He was the proudest, most disagreeable man in the world, and every body hoped that he would never come there again (6). It is then later stated that Elizabeth remained with no very cordial feelings towards him (7). Elizabeth, in a way, holds a grudge against Darcy, always thinking negatively of him and putting him down in her eyes. This action of making it seem that he is, in a sense, inferior to her, represents her prejudice against him. Mr.Darcy shows pride in practically everything he does. He is a conceited, arrogant man, who believes that nothing is good enough for him. He exhibits this belief when he is at the Netherfield ball, and his genius, Mr. Bingley, points out that Darcy should dance with Elizabeth. Darcy replies, She is tolerable but not handsome enough to tempt me (7). Darcys reputation for being full of pride is known all throughout the town, and it is said by one of Darcys old friends that almost all his actions may be traced to pride-and pride has often been his best friend (55).It is also assumed that, when his friend says that even Darcys sister is -very, very proud, that the whole Darcy lineage must be a very prideful family (56). During this time period in which Pride and Prejudice takes place, marriage was not decided on the basis of love. When one would get matrimonial, it was either for financial gain or social status. Mrs. Bennet, the mother in the novel, has only those two items on her mind when attempting to find suitors for her five daughters. She does not have even a sliver of empathy on how her decisions may potentially make her daughters lives miserable.Mr. Bennet, however, takes into account his daughters feelings when it comes to finding a suitor. Although he also has the thought of fin ancial gain on his mind, his daughters always come first. He does, however, think of a plan. If Elizabeth were to marry Mr. Collins, Mr. Bennets nephew, the Bennet estate would remain in the family. The reason for this is because, during this time period, women could not acquire land. Seeing as Mr. Bennet had no sons, he gave the estate to his nephew. Now, if Elizabeth had accepted Mr.Collinss proposal, the estate would have remained within the family. This is the only instance in which Mr. Bennet wants Elizabeth to marry a certain suitor. Retaining their estate and financial security is just one motive that may cause people to marry certain others. Mr. Wickham and Miss Charlotte Lucas, for instance, are two characters who get married throughout the novel, and both have, in a way, a hidden agenda for getting married. Miss Charlotte Lucas is a very close friend of Elizabeth, being the person who Elizabeth can confide in about anything.Charlotte is slightly older than Elizabeth, abou t seven years, and Charlotte feels that she is becoming a burden to her family. Being twenty-seven and unmarried, she wanted to free her family from herself, no longer being a bother to them. This is one of the motives that causes her to go off and marry Mr. Collins, Elizabeths cousin. She also becomes betrothed to Collins for financial security. Seeing as Collins would inherit the Bennet estate, this gave her the sense that they would not have to worry about finances, or anything of the sort.Charlotte views marriage in a peculiar way. She believes that marriage changes a person drastically, and that one can get married without having feelings for their partner at first. She thinks that a person, primarily a woman, should find a spouse and then grow to like them as time goes on. So, in reality, Charlotte believes that one can just rush into a marriage, and, in a sense, hope for the best. She does not believe in marriage should really occur on the basis of love. Charlotte also believ es that Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance (14).Charlotte honestly believes that one does not have to be happy in marriage. She would rather marry off well and have a rich husband, yet be miserable while with him, than be in a marital relationship with someone who she truly cares about, even if that someone is not particularly well off. This is, in a way, Charlottes cogitate for marrying Mr. Collins. Seeing as how Mr. Collins has financial stability, this makes him, to her, a rich man who is very well off. She decides then to rush into marrying him, even though mutual feelings between them do not exist.So, not only does Charlotte get married to Mr. Collins to get out of her parents hair, but also because of his status and financial stability, and everything that would make him a good suitor. These are her hidden motives behind getting married in such a hurry, and although it seems like it is the perfect life, Charlotte has, in reality, just cost herself a chance t o find someone better and more qualified to be her spouse. George Wickham plays multiple roles throughout the novel.For one, he plays the role of Elizabeths love interest towards the beginning of the novel. He shows feelings towards her in return, and one would assume that they may be a match. This, however, is altered by the fact that Elizabeth, in the end, marries Darcy. Wickham also plays the role of an old friend of Darcys. Darcys father was like a father to Wickham, and Wickham always points out that Darcy was never fond of him, which, in a way, is uncoiled. It is also false, because Darcy was a friend of Wickhams, until Wickham revealed his trustworthy self.Wickham also became estranged from Darcy when he tried to run off and elope with Darcys sister, Georgiana. Wickham does a similar thing in his third role, which is as Lydia Bennets husband. Although Lydia says she is in love with Wickham, Wickham does not necessarily return those feelings. Wickham only wants to prey on t he innocence of Lydia. With the knowledge that Lydia is still practically a child, and is unprotected to believing anything, Wickham knows that he can do as he pleases with her, and she will not see anything wrong with the picture.Wickham also decided elopement for another reason. At this time, if a woman and man eloped, the money that the woman had to her name could be used freely by her husband with no safeguards, and this could in turn lead to some difficulties later in time. Wickham only views marriage on the basis of mooching and getting money as part of the dowry from her family. His hidden agenda is to get married in order to get money from the brides side of the family. Wickham is, all in all, a selfish man who shows people what they want to see, and not his true self.

Generational Differences in the Workplace Essay Example for Free

Generational Differences in the Workplace EssayPURPOSEThis article attempts to describe the different age groups constitute each of the categories of generations in the current U.S. dallyforce and their distinguishing characteristics. The piece alike seeks to analyze how each groups differing traits whitethorn impact an organization. The main purpose of the penning is to teach management how recognizing these differing views may friend them to better motivate and satisfy the members of each group.QUESTIONSSo who are these different generational groups? The author has broken straight offs workforce down into three identifiable groups by birth year. These groups are nestling Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y. They will be described in more detail in the following paragraphs.The first, and oldest group, are the Baby Boomers. This category includes those born between the years of 1946 to 1964. The Baby Boomers are the largest group and many of them commode be found thr oughout the managerial ranks. They are reputed to be self-absorbed and have a feeling of entitlement. This group is said to value success, teamwork, inclusion, and rule-challenging. They are light to change and loyal to their employer.Generation X is comprised of those born between 1965 and 1979. This group is concerned with go options and a balance of work and home life. They seek fulfilling work but are cynical of corporations and government. This cynicism leads themnto being less loyal than their predecessors (the Baby Boomers). Generation Xers are computer literate and demand fulfilling work while stable craving a fun work environment.The third group is Generation Y. This includes those born from 1980 to present (per reports made in 2005 and 2006). According to the author this group is hopeful but realistic, globally aware, and inclusive. They are very technologically inclined and diverse in their attitude. They yearn for a work/family balance and independence though they in digence feedback from their employer. They are also curious and results oriented. This generation so-and-so become disenchanted with presented with entry level jobs for they seek challenges.INFORMATIONThe author aimd a make sense of other studies to reach his conclusions. The Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) seems to have been the main instrument in gathering information. This study allows participants to rank the measures they find most valuable.INFERENCES/CONCLUSIONSIn the Implications for Managers subdivision of the paper, the author makes suggestions for how a manager should treat each class. He has used the research to draw his conclusions. His suggestions seem based on the traits and behaviors each group tends to exhibit. For the Baby Boomers he states that they can be motivated with money, overtime, praise, and position. He enforces the idea that this generation is loyal. For Generation X he suggests making work fun and meaningful. He also thinks lending an empathiseing ear to this group could be helpful. Generation Y needs exciting and relevant work, says the author. Make sure they have opportunity for career advancement. Also a manger should be mindful of their need for feedback.CONCEPTSThe main idea of this article is that the difference in values and beliefs of each generation can have an impact on the job. Understanding these differences and how to make the most of them is key to satisfying and motivating each group. The paper seeks to explain these differences, why they tend to occur, and how to use those differences to the employers advantage.ASSUMPTIONSOne main drawback to the ideas set forth in this article is assuming everyone in each generation holds the same values and beliefs. In this vain, managers may be able to cater to a large majority of employees but can miss satisfying the wants and needs of certain individuals. Although the research may enclose certain behaviors and traits of most of the people, there will be variables that it does not counter into account.IMPLICATIONS/CONSEQUENCESThe authors conclusions may serve managers well. His conclusions based on the research and following suggestions seem to be based in logic and geared toward getting the most out of and retaining employees. It probably does help to understand how best to motivate others if you understand why they feel the way they do. Although generation and age may not be the exclusively mitigating factor in an employees attitude, it seems to be a redeeming(prenominal) starting point.POINTS OF VIEWAs stated previously, age (date of birth) can not account solely for a persons values and beliefs. As in anything else, there are always variables that can skew data. Some variables that are not reflected in the data are financial status, marital status, locale, and a across-the-board variety of other things. However, if it is possible to meet the needs of many while only having to concentrate on a few one-offs then these recommendations can only serve to ease a managers position.PERSONAL NOTEI am probably one of the one-offs but Ive always marched to the bone of a different drummer. I have, however, been witness to many of these stereotypes. I have worked plenty of jobs where the generational differences were quite apparent. Sometimes the old-timers actually relish that name and take pride in it. The difference in attitudes and values can be glaring. I defintiely think it is good that there is information out there to help managers understand these differences and help to deal with them.BIBLIOGRAPHYGenerational Differences In The Workplace Personal Values, Behaviors, And Popular Beliefs. The Clute Institute, 2009. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. .

Launch Of Green Tea In UAE: Marketing Plan

Launch Of gullible tea leaf In UAE Marketing PlanA grocerying plan provides a sound framework for exploitation the merchandise strategy for a ingathering. It has a list of action items handle gross revenue objective, budget requirement, resource requirement etc. It is a very heavy part of the over in all problem plan. In the stolon submission, we had already talked at length about the cultural and economic analysis of the merchandise and features of the proceeds. This submission exit carry forward from where we left in the last assignment. We go forth take a closer look at the intricacies of running a business like understanding the ass market, creationing a suitable promotion strategy, having an overview of scattering and performance process etc.The last part explained in detail the benefits of the fountain tea leaf. It in any case explains how it protects the body against the about imembrasureant carcinogens or tumors that do-nothing attack the body which is indirect chemical carcinogens, physical carcinogens and direct chemical carcinogens.We also break down how to market the product and how will it work in the UAE. Such as Culture analysis in the UAE, economic analysis in the UAE and competitive market analysis in the UAE.Traditional approach to look at any product based marketing involves understanding ofFinancial data- Factors like what will be the estimated product price, distri exclusivelyion cost, expenses etc. harvesting data- It involves understanding of product pricing and other formalities like incase etc.Sales and distribution data It involves what should be the sale scores and associated costs and revenues.Advertising and gross revenue promotion data which caters to promotion strategy for the product.Thus preparing a good marketing plan force out be a very complex process. But in a nutshell the aim of any marketing plan is very simple, which is to understand the factors and situation which conduct an impact on su ccessful running of the business.We have looked at the complete marketing plan from the perspective of our product-Green Tea hp. This will be a untried product in UAE market. As a result the challenge with this product is to start afresh with all marketing strategies. This project deals with respective(a) aspects of a marketing plan. To begin with it addresses the marketing objectives.Marketing objectives encompass stage setting realistic sales and shekels expectations. This involves analysis of the total market for the product and the sh atomic pattern 18 for our product. Besides it also involves understanding the target consumer.Next section talks about marketing strategies. Marketing strategies outlines programs which will sustain us reach the expected sales and profit targets outlined in marketing objectives. This involves how much and when to spend on advertising and other promotional activities.Next we have discussed the implementation intricacies for our business. T tak e ins such as distribution from USA to UAE and price determination for the product argon dealt with in this phase. These tasks are closely related to the pecuniary statements and budgets. For any un utilize business, it is very critical that a close check should be kept on the budget allocated and required. It is always good to have a planned budget before embarking on any new venture.Last but not the least we have also looked at the resources required to sustainably run our new business. Understanding the mode of generating financial resources, military group department resource and production capacity have been dealt in great detail.Marketing PlanMarketing ObjectivesTarget MarketsA target market is a unique(predicate) group of tribe which a business thinks as their potential customers. They have similar characteristics like age, demographics, income etc. They also have similar buying patterns and brush aside be classified as a separate kinfolk. The business tries to targe t this category when developing marketing strategies for its products or services and all of its marketing messages and campaigns are dedicated towards the target market.To develop a powerful marketing plan, we should answer following questions regarding the target marketHow well do we understand the pick outs of our target market?Can we relate to what our target consumers need and what we have to offer?Are there any ways by which we can offer super customized products for unalike groups?What product should be made generic and what should be offered to a broad set of consumers?A well defined target market can build the success of any social club. While making products available to a huge market looks attractive, we would like to target specific customers to make ourselves known in the market. This is because chiliad tea is new product in UAE and is not well known. In our previous submission, we had highlighted that we would specifically target the age group of 15-50.This was ba sed on the consumption pattern of this group.DemographicsAs we know UAE has a large foreign expatriate population. The total population of the UAE is estimated at 2.3 million plenty. Only about 20 percent which represent 460,000 people of these are UAE locals. The rest are foreign workers. We would target all the people for our product.The Age breakup of UAE is as follows 019 years 27.4% (female 40,328,895, male 42,667,761 2064 years 60.1% (female 90,813,578, male 89,881,041 65 years and over 12.6% (female 21,991,195, male 15,858,477)The above breakup highlights the huge proportion of working(a) age group population in UAE.LifestyleLifestyle is one important key factor use in determining which segments are used to target customers. Some important information in this section is there which accommodates how the Emirates market lives, their hobbies, their interests and their extracurricular activities. Emirates are living in extremely hot humour and they use tea as part of greeting to their guests most of the time.FrequencyIts important to screen and find out how frequently target segment will use the offered product or service. Specifically, businesses should always pick up if theyre looking for on time sale and be in premium segment or to target more(prenominal) customers more often through new and innovative marketing techniques. Emirates have decent per capita income and they usually prefer the large packs and try apply new products that come in the market. One of the major factors which contributes to their type of behavior is the diversity in their population. Exposure to various cultures makes them easily accept and experiment new products more often.Desires / NeedsBusiness should be surely discovering the ecumenic need of the country they are planning to enter with new product. They should be aware of the basic appetite and need of the emirates before launching Green Tea Hp here. other point is that UAE development taking care of health sector is participating in the general issue by health and is making awareness campaigns about the importance of victimization the green tea and replaces the unhealthy food habits by using the healthy products. This will lead to decrease in the obesity and the diseases in the country. Therefore we can say that there is desire and need of Emirates which is developing towards this product of Green Tea hp.Expected Sales and Profit ExpectationSales and Profit objectives define the projected amount of goods to be sold. Thus it is very important for the success of any business that realistic objectives should be set. Once the sales objectives are set, everything else like marketing budget, channels to be used, number of sales personnel to hire etc. is based on these objectives or expected sales figures.For our product i.e. green tea we would look to cater to divers(prenominal) tastes of the expatriate population. check to our research, we found that total UAE tea sales volumes showed a growth of 9% in 2009, or at 4,472 tons. (www.hktdc.com). Thus the change in tea sales from 2008 to 2009 is 369 tons. The below table summarizes the sales figures for the next year.Expected Sales TableGrowth in Sales in 20094472Percentage Growth in 20099%Sale in 200949,688Sales in 200849688/1.09=45585Change in Sale from 2008 to 20094103Projected Sales in 2012(assuming same growth rate)49688+(4103*3)=61997This market is primarily controlled by Lipton (www.usa2uae.com, 2009). Most of the new players like Green Tea Hp would aim at getting a minor market share to begin with.establish on the estimates from other new players like entering into this segment, like wagh bakri from India, we would look to target at least 1 percent (www.usa2uae.com, 2009)According to people in tea industry, UAE is looking for new and fresh taste in the tea segment. Already available products do not cater to the expectations of the people. Since the migrant population comes from different backgrounds, they have differ ent tastes. Thus our green tea with many flavors would be able to fulfill this need to approximately extent. Thus we can hope to induce at least 1 percent of the market share.Thus 1 percent of projected sales in 2012 is 620 tons (approx). To calculate the profit brink we would take industry standards for gross profit margin and cash profit margin. We would take conservative estimates by assuming apprizes lower a trail player in this industry. For our purpose we have taken Tata Tea data (www.moneycontrol.com) and calculated accordingly for green tea.Market ShareAverage monetary value of tea in last yearTotal revenue620 Ton3451.5 dollars/ton620*3451.5=2139942 dollarsWe have look atd the market price of tea at 3541.52 dollars per tontroupeGross Profit MarginCash Profit MarginProfit DollarsTata Tea Beverage10 Percent9 PercentNAGreen Tea Hp (UAE)8.7 percent8.7 percent2139942*.087 = 186174Promotion MixAdvertisingObjectiveObjective of advertisement will be to attract health certifie d customers towards the green. Since the green tea belongs to premium segment therefore more stress will be given to attract urban area consumers who are instinctive to try something new.Actually if we try to segment people of UAE, we can segregate people into cardinal categories. One who prefers to try new products available in the market and they are usually called experimenters. Other category try to retain their own family retained inciter which will bar them from experimenting any new product. Our work, as a green tea promoter, should attract these early experimenters and make a mark among them. Because the late buyer or safe buyers usually change their buying close only when are too much exposed to any new product and when they really get to know that product is fine and can be used and have superior benefit as compared to their already using product. Hence, we are going to keep our target consumers to the premium family product thing. It will include kids, adolescents, fa thers and Mothers. But the main target will be the teenagers who really care about their health.Teenagers generally have the tendency to experiment with totally new product. They try to use whatever there is in fashion. They require to be different from old generation and there they try every new thing which makes them different from their previous generation. That is why it is suggestible to make them a target customer and make our ad strategy as per their symbol of change. Therefore to target teenager and people in their twenties is be our prime strategy target.We need to position our product as youthfulness icon thing. We have to make its prototype to look as fashionable and belonging to premium class. To make this we will be using some Hollywood star as an endorser which is youth icon in the eyes of Emirates.Media MixWe are going to use the media mix in a way to reach every single people in Emirates in order to make them of this new product in the market. Since ours is the fi rst company launching this product in UAE therefore it will be our tough task to educate and inform consumers about the health benefits and differentiation from the entire existing product available in the United Arab Emirate market. Therefore we need to use following promotion media mix advertizement in magazines, newspapers and telecasting.TV program.Kiosks.Billboards.Banners.The way we going to use this are to make this promotion in various phases. In first phase in which product need to be made aware in the UAE market is to use the media which is most widely used in the United Arab Emirates. Therefore we are going to take the initial advertisement through the use of the maximum reach basis. Since we all know that television is the best mode to reach to maximum population in minimum time. This will accompanied with theMessageMessage which green tea should be cashing is to show a royal brand Image and keep a youth icon associated with product. Idea is to convey the health benefi t and Premium product category among youth. Message should be something like conveying New and Young Tried me. greetAdvertisementNewspaper Advertisement20000TV Advertisement30000Kiosk AdvertisementmyriadMagazine Advertisement10000Billboard10000Banners10000Promotions10000Advertising outgo$ 100,000.00Sales PromotionObjectiveObjective of sales promotion will be to attract more and more customer in very first year. This should be done with the help of affordable teensy-weensy packaging of size as small as 100g. This should be the smallest package that should be available to the customer because smaller than this package will affect the brand image which is the last thing company want to do.PremiumsGift with purchase is the very common promotion techniques used by marketers for promoting the product. It is used in a way to associate our product with something of real use to the segment we are targeting. Since here we are targeting the youths therefore we can say that if we need to give some goodies innocent with our green tea product we need to offer something which is of real use to the teenagers and adults. A small teddy bear or a try for branded pen with the 1 kg pack will attract consumer towards our product.CouponOther way to attract the shopper towards our product is to let them buy the product with some free movie coupon. This thing which is really famous among the teenagers is to offer them free movie tickets on lucky draw to some consumer. Something like free movie coupons to every 5th shoppers can create a magic. This is cheap from the point of publicity and can work a lot in gaining whim for the product. live approach allotted to all this promotional strategy will be very less compared to advertisement expense we are incurring on the product. The main reason for this is because our main aim is to achieve more of awareness and less of selling. We want to do marketing rather than selling. We are going to seduce what is needed there not we will sell w hatever we have produced. Total Cost allotted to promotion will be $10000 annually. individual(prenominal) changeAt this stage personal selling will be avoided by Green Tea HP. This is totally new product in the market. for certain personal will help in sale but we are avoiding this to check our brand image deterioration. We are planning to use this in B2B strategies but not in the business to customers strategy.Other Promotional MethodAll promotional strategy which we are planning is already described in above. As of now Green Tea hp product will not be experimented with some strange promotional technique. It can work but we dont want to take risk for this totally new product in United Arab Emirates market.Distribution From transmission line to DestinationPort SelectionUnited States is bounded by sea on both sides. In the west, it has Pacific Ocean whereas on the east side, it has Atlantic Ocean. UAE on the other hand lies northwest of the Arabian Sea.OriginSince the manufacturi ng of Green Tea happens in Utah, we are interested in looking for major appointment ports near Utah. Utah lies towards the western side of US. Thus two major ports nearby arePort of San Francisco, CaliforniaIt lies on the western edge of the San Francisco Bay with a total trade capacity of 2,654,714 short tons. This is a major port with high amount of export trade.Port of Coos Bay .OregonIt is located on the Pacific coast, with major cities nearby. E.g. It Washington to the north and California to the south. This port too has high trading volume and is a good option since it had many logistics operator in nearby states.DestinationUAE has seaports throughout the region. The major ports are Port Jebel Ali, Port Khor Fakkan , Port Rashid, Port Saeed ,Port Khalid and Port Zayed.PackagingPackaging is required to protect the products from damage during transit and also during storage. Packaging also plays a crucial role in information transmission and sales.Marking and Labeling Regulati onsOn any package, many types of labels are used. These may include trademarks, product certifications and food potency approvals etc. To make intact use of packaging, we intend to publicize the health benefits of green tea through labeling. Approvals from health authorities and results of study on green tea can be highlighted through package.ContainerizationDuring shipping of containers, one needs to take care of identification and bar codes and RFID numbers for easy tracking and committal of goods. Another important aspect to consider is the container standards. There are many container system standards worldwide. It is essential that the same standards are used by both the trading partners for easy identification of goods.CostsPackaging represents a significant portion of the total cost on a product. For example, in tea industry, it is estimated that the cost of packaging can be as high as 30% of the total cost. This is primarily due to special type of packaging required to ke ep the tea fresh and increase the shelf behavior.Another cost consideration in packaging is that it is extremely expensive to create a new packaging design including graphics and structure. Thus the choice of packaging should be a very thought out process.For our product, GreenTea HP, we would make investments in generating a stable packaging system. We would take a hop our packaging costs to 10 percent over the long term.This includes the countrys industrial, agricultural, and animal products. The competent ministries and departments approve the bill and issue a certificate of origin for all national products meant for exportation. A copy of these documents should be submitted upon processing an export application.The customs authorities employ the temporary deposit system in order to change and facilitate the procedures for the importers. A deposit is an amount of money that the customs collects pending payment of the customs duties or presentation of the original documents.Pri ce Determination dose CostTransportation Cost will be there but that will be borne by wholesaler only. The wholesaler needs to have abundant margins as commission in order to bear this cost and still not make any losses. After the wholesaler the further transportation cost will borne by retailer. Because of all this, both the retailer and the wholesaler are getting hefty commission.Handling ExpensesHandling Expenses will be borne by company itself as most of these handling charges are there as freight cost are from manufactory to onboard travelling.Custom DutiesCustom duty is pay by company only as it is importing the raw tea leafs from elsewhere. The amount of custom duty generally depends upon the amount of import that is done. Company is paying $50000 as custom fees for the product for very first year on annual basis.Whole and Retail Mark Up and Discounts net PriceProduct Cost$ 2,020,000.00 exchange price (Profit Margin 8.7%)$ 2,195,740.00 marketing Quantity we are targeting ( Ton)620Company PriceSelling price per ton$ 3,541.52Selling price per Kg$ 3.54Selling price per 250g Pack$ 0.89Selling Price per 100g pack$ 0.035Wholesale Price (13% WS Commission)Selling price per Kg$ 4.00Selling price per 250g Pack$ 1.00Selling Price per 100g pack$ 0.04Retail Price (12.5% Retail Commission)Selling price per Kg$ 4.50Selling price per 250g Pack$ 1.13Selling Price per 100g pack$ 0.05Pro-formal financial Statement and BudgetMarketing BudgetAdvertisement/Promotion ExpenseAdvertisementNewspaper Advertisement20000TV Advertisement30000Kiosk Advertisement10000Magazine Advertisement10000Billboard10000Banners10000Promotion10000Advertising Expense$ 100,000.00Distribution ExpenseDistribution Cost livestock Payroll20000Store Management10000Rent10000Utilities10000Depreciation10000Repair20000Maintenance13000Total Distribution Expense93,000.00Product CostProcessing Raw Green tea costRaw product (1000 ton)1,000,000.00Processing Variable Cost230,000.00Processing Fixed Cost270,000.00F inal Green Tea product (620 ton)$ 1,500,000.00Product CostPercentage of Selling CostGreen Tea Product Cost(620 ton)$ 1,500,000.0074.3%Custom expense$ 50,000.002.5%Packaging Cost$ 200,000.009.9%Selling Expense$ 73,000.003.6%Advertising Expense$ 100,000.005.0%Distribution Expense$ 93,000.004.6%Misc Expense$ 4,000.000.2%$ 2,020,000.00Selling price (Profit Margin 8.7%)$ 2,195,740.00Final PriceProduct Cost$ 2,020,000.00Selling price(Profit Margin 8.7%)$ 2,195,740.00Selling Quantity we are targeting (Ton)620Selling price per ton$ 3,541.52Selling price per Kg$ 3.54Selling price per 250g Pack$ 0.89Selling Price per 100g pack$ 0.04Other CostMisc Expense$ 4,000.00Pro forma annual profit and loss statement (Profit year)Profit And Loss StatementIncomeRevenue$ 2,195,740.00ExpenseCost of Goods Sold1,000,000.00Processing Variable Expense230,000.00Processing Fixed expense270,000.00Custom expense$ 50,000.00Packaging Cost$ 200,000.00Selling Expense$ 73,000.00Advertising Expense$ 100,000.00Distributio n Expense$ 93,000.00Misc Expense$ 4,000.00Total Expense2,020,000.00EBIT$ 175,740.00Interest$ 25,000.00EBT$ 150,740.00Tax 20%$ 30,148.00Net Income$ 120,592.00Resource RequirementsFinancesIn a product life cycle, different financial needs arise at different points in time .The funding stages of a business are as follows spill working capital It is the amount you need initially to set up and plan your business activities.Start-up capital It is the amount of money required to maintain operational activities like buying raw material, processing etc in the first year. It is also called working capitalMezzanine (expansion) capital It is required to expand the current facilities. e.g. to upscale the production to full installed capacity or to buy a new larger business.For our product, Green Tea, finances will be required to start business operations, logistics and distribution, to pay for customs, for setting up packaging facilities and so on. We need a sum of around 500,000 dollars as calculated in above sections, of which 230,000 is variable cost and 270,000 are dictated cost.Capital funding can be of two types Debt Capital and Equity Capital. Debt capital means taking a loan which can be paid back over a plosive speech sound of time. This gives an easy way to maintain control over the company as well as get funds. The most common type of debt funding for a new business like ours is secured loans.To start any business, the first and foremost option that comes to mind is to avail business loans. A business can also avail secured loans from banks by keeping some property as collateral with the bank. Amount of secured business loans depends on value of the security kept with the lender. Generally a secured loan can fetch an amount of 50,000 to 100,000 dollars. It can be paid back in a period of 5-30 years depending on the terms and conditions.Equity capital is another way of funding in which people or firms become a part of the company. In this way they earn a po rtion of your profits in ways of dividends or can make huge money when the company goes public.Thus to determine the type of funding, we need to ask, that whether we are comfortable paying monthly installments or we would like to give up ownership rights in our company. Along with this, we need to ask following questionsDoes my business qualify for debt financing?Am I willing to lose the secured collateral if the business fails?Am I willing to share the underground financial information of my company?Some of other choices for funding a business includePersonal savings.Borrowing from family and friends.Making a partner and using his personal funds.Approaching a commercial finance company.Getting venture-capital fund.Thus to raise the funds of 1500,000 dollars, we can make following arrangements.Funds BreakupSeed Capital500,000 DollarsSecured Loans at 5 Percent500,000 DollarsEquity Capital for 10% stake in Company500,000 DollarsPersonnelEvery organization should be put one over abou t its human resource needs. Thus planning can help in getting the right number of people at the right place. This descriptor of planning is largely dependent on the organizations overall goals.Forecasting of personnel depends on the following factorsMission of the organization.Projected Turnover.Quality of employee skills.Technological advances in production and packaging.Personnel can be acquired from any of the following two sourcesInternalExternalInternal recruitment refers to promotion of employees from within the organization to fill the gaps. This involves list of an employees education and skill set and based on that making recommendation for promotion. A company also considers performance levels of employees over past years.External make out of qualified candidates refers to getting the required personnel from outside the organization. This involves having a good knowledge about the supply conditions in different occupations and awareness about the general business environ ment. The information about such conditions and availability of personnel can be found inMonthly updates of national bank.Publications of various associations.Publications of various employment agencies.Since ours is a new product, we would primarily be focusing on external sources to fill our personnel needs. Also we would like to estimate the number of personnel required on the basis of ratio analysis. It involves forecasting the employee numbers based on the ratio of some factor like sales volume to the number of people required per unit of sales. Our product has sales of 620 ton.Production CapacityIt refers to the volume of products which can be manufactured in a plant or factory with a given amount of resources. Production capacity depends on the efficiency of machines and workforce. It is essential that highly efficient processes should be put in place for the same.Another important concept to consider while deciding on the production capacity is capacity utilization. It gives a relationship between the actual production that happens in a plant with the total installed capacity and potential production. For Green Tea HP, we would be targeting an actual production capacity of around 650 ton in the first year. But we plan to have installed capacity around 1500 ton. We would scale up the production in a phased manner.Good production planning will help make better decisions in terms of sales, profit, expenses etc. To calculate production capacity, we should consider various factors like number of facilities, number of employees and equipment etc. Also number of employee required (discussed in previous section on personnel planning) plays a crucial part in the same.We need to determine the number of hours per week for employees. For our product, we assume an industry standard of 40 hours per week. The time dog-tired in breaks, lunch time etc would be deducted from this time to calculate actual time spent on the production.Once we have actual time spent on pr oduction and the number of employees employed, we can calculate the actual production.Actual Production = Actual hours spent in production * Number of EmployeesSourcesTea Processing Article Retrieved May 15, 2011, from Tea Manufacturing firm inputsWebsite http//www.enjoyingtea.com/teaprocessing1.htmlTechnology Trends in Tea Manufacturing Article Retrieved May 15, 2011, from Tea Manufacturing firm inputsWebsite http//www.teauction.com/home/techtrend.asp

Creating A Suitable Wing Box Structure Engineering Essay

Creating A Suit qualified Wing Box Structure Engineering EssayThis idea was written in the pursuit of creating a suitable lengthiness recess organise for AMYE, in which a suitable chassis for the structure has been researched. As a result of the convention study on vaporize nook adulterateing cases and requirements imposed on the concept, a finished structure plan has been created.The finished design structure has been created in recognition of design criteria c completelying for a offstage stripe able of carrying a 2.5kN turn institutionalize without any buckling, and a 5kN flexure pervert before failure as final parameters.The analytical study of all options of design has sh take in how the physique of stringers, stiffeners, and geometrical rivet put quite a little all be used to vary and tailor the cowcatcher shock structure in recount to meet design parameters.The conclusion of the tale is that in order to meet requirements to the fullest extent and simult aneously non have any oer-design present in the structure, a dimensioned buffer lash plan has been formted. Summarising, the wing recess has 6 stringers, 5 stiffeners on the short electronic ne dickensrk place, 7 stiffeners on the long-lived clear plate, 2 spar webs and a rivet spacing of 30 mm all equidistant in order to meet criteria.IntroductionPart of a wing box design, braid and testing process, this inform allow for heighten on a final wing box design for the AMYE company. The AMYE company has issued a request for a wing box design for one of their aircraft. This report pass on provide information on such a design. The design report bequeath be influenced by findings do in the literacy report.AMYE will centre on designs meeting their extremitys and financial possibilities. therefrom, this report will provide information on the wing box design and choices made to come to this design. The report withal meets AMYEs request for a construction proposal.There atomic number 18 certain requirements for the design of the wing box. This report contains a basic design as well up as our own input to meet all the needs of the client. The goal is to make a basic design meeting all the requirements and then adding our own design choices making the design better in a way of for example trim back clog, or lower production costs. There will also be a production plan cut out.Structure of the report is as follows. As in any design project, requirements are formulated first. afterward discussion of a number of key concepts, design is made based on calculations. From this design a construction plan is made, followed by a pack and cost estimation, which is to be reported to AMYE.DesignRequirementsDesign of any aircraft component is based on the requirements imposed on the part. For the wing box load strength capabilities AMYE has set clear requirements, being (Brugemann et all, 2010)The wing box has to withstand a tip load of 2,5 kN without bucklin g.The wing box has to withstand a tip load of 5,0 kN without failure. Buckling is allowed at this extreme office.The design must be optimized with respect to incubus and producibility. The number of stingers and rivets must therefore be kept as low as likely. It has to be taken into account that a structure that can withstand much higher hemorrhoid than the 5 kN failure load is oerdesigned.The wing box should have at least one intermediate stringer attached to the lower beat, in order to avoid buckling in a reverse situation since come causes compressing in the lower skin of the wing box.Be cases restrictions on load bearing capabilities, outer dimensions of the wing box have also been assumption. When these dimensions arent stuck to, decent testing is not assertable and the design will be rejected. Dimensional restrictions are institute in appendix A. (GENERAL DIAGRAM)Key conceptsThroughout this report references will be made to a few key concepts. These concepts are disc ussed and explained below.Moment of inactivenessIn order to calculate bending assay the moment of inertia is computed. The moment of inertia with respect to the x- bloc is calculated by a variety of steps. First the position of the centroid without any attached stiffeners is calculated, together with effect of added stiffeners on the centroids position. This is done in excel in order to compute variable combinations to find the optimum in different configurations. The position for the centroid in vertical direction is given bywhere A is surface area in the cross fragment and y is the distance of a components centroid to a certain reference head teacher (usually y=0). The moment of inertia is then calculated using the formulaIn this formula dy is the distance between centroid and the centroid of the component.For rectangular regulate objects, as found in the wing box cross section, the formula the moment of inertia is as followsThe total moment of inertia is found by the summi ng the individual moments of inertia of each part of the wing box. The stringers are assumed to be made up of 2 perpendicular rectangles for purpose of calculations. The base shape of the wing box is assumed to be made of four individual rectangles, with stringers used in the four corners to hold the sheets together as shown IMAGE REFERENCE. The finished model has a careen in moment of inertia as we add and subtract stringers to the top or the bottom of our structure. Thus by adding stringers to our model, we increase the moment of inertia of our structure and thus our structure is able to cope with higher loads.Compression dress buckling coefficientsIn order to relate sheet geometry and critical buckling emphasize, buckling coefficients are needed. Two coefficients are distinguished compression buckling coefficient KC and shear buckling coefficient KS. Both coefficients vary with the ratio widthheight (in which widthheight) and clamping states of the sides of the area. Three c lamping states are distinguished clamped, hinged and free. From combinations of these clamping states different situations are created.For a wing box, shear buckling coefficient is used on web plates and compression buckling coefficient is used in the speed skin. On the web plates all stiffeners are assumed to be hinged supports. The connections to the upper and lower skin are considered clamped. This results in situations 2 for areas between stiffeners and situation A for outer areas, as shown in recruit 2. Since the value of KS is bigger for A than for 2, all areas can be considered number 2 when considering failure (Brugemann et all, 2010). On the upper skin all connections to the clamps, spars and web plates are considered fixed as supports are deemed heavy and strong enough. Connections to stringers are considered hinged. This leads to situation 3 and 5 for the upper skin, as shown in figure 1 (Brugemann et all, 2010). skeletons 1 and 2, showing the clamping states of the upp er skin(1) and web plates(2)LoadsAs stated the wing box will be tested for tip loading. An illustration for such a tip load is shown in figure 3, with the tip load drawn in red. Resultant gets as shown in blue and green.Figure 3 A tip force (red) and resultant shear and normal forcesFrom statics it is known that shear forces will be induced in the web plates of the torsion box to provide equilibrium of forces in y-direction. To provide moment equilibrium a force couple will act in the upper and lower skin, causing the former to be in compression and latter to be in tension (Wright Cooper, 2007).Shear forceThe approach taken to compute the number of stiffeners required on each web plate is as follows. First the forces which have to be dealt with by the web plates will be computed. After this the number of stiffeners required to cope with these forces without buckling will be calculated.The magnitude of the shear force in the web plates can be computed from equilibrium of moment aro und the y-axis, which states that the shear forces in the web plates are equal. Since the two shear forces together must equal P for equilibrium each shear force is equal to P.From mechanics it is known that shear stress is shear force over area. Given that the web plates have a heaviness t and a height of 2h we know the formula for the shear stress (Brugemann et all, 2010) woof in the given values of P=2500N, h=75mm and t=0,8mm we find = 10,42 MPa. However, at this point sweep of the wing hasnt been taken into account yet. The influence of wing sweep on the shear stress is given by (Brugemann et all, 2010)Filling in (0) = 10,42MPa gives = 13,89 MPa . This is the shear stress the web plates of the wing box should be able to cope with without buckling. Now progress can be made to computing the number of stiffeners.Knowing the value of shear stress to be dealt with, a regard at the shear stress at which plate buckling occurs is needed. The formula for the initial buckling stress is as follows (Brugemann et all, 2010)In which KS is the shear buckling coefficient, E is the E-modulus of the material used, t is the thickness of the material used and b is the stringer pitch.For the placement of the stiffeners the two web plates of the wing box have to be considered individually, since both differ in length. Since the wing box during testing is clamped over 110mm and 60mm the first web plate has an effective length of 1099 mm and the second an effective length of 1330mm. The stringer pitch can then be computed by dividing web plate length by the number of intervals on the plate.At this point the reader is referred to the key concept of the shear buckling coefficient, where the determination of the buckling situation is done. This assessment is used for find out the KS coefficient.The following table can be made up for various numbers of stiffeners on the shorter web plate quash of stiffeners -Stiffener blood mma/b -Ks- Mpa1549,53,6633338,41,2890282366,33333332,44 22228,83,0384243274,751,8316679,45,7699364219,81,4653339,89,3991645183,16666671,22111110,314,2253561571,04666710,820,302197137,3750,9158338122,11111110,814074A similar table can be made up for the longer web plate of length 1330mmNumber of stiffeners -Stiffener Pitch mma/b -Ks- Mpa16654,4333338,30,8696682443,33333332,9555568,62,0274783332,52,21666793,77205342661,7733339,356,1230375221,66666671,4777789,79,14722861901,26666710,213,092177166,251,10833310,617,770568147,77777780,985185Comparing the values in the tables with the given shear stress of 13,89 MPa shows us that the shorter web plate will require five stiffeners and the longer web plate will require seven stiffeners.Normal forcesThe second reaction forces in the wing box to be taken into account are the normal forces in the upper and lower skin. The same approach is to be taken as in determining the number of stiffeners. First loads to be dealt with are determined, then the number of stringers is to be determined.The normal fo rce at an arbitrary point of the wing box can be computed from the formula (Brugemann et all, 2010)In this formula M(x) is the internal moment at position x, y is the distance from the wing box neutral axis to position x and I is the moment of inertia of the wing box cross section.First the lower skin of the wing box will be considered. As stated previously, this plate is loaded in tension. A quick calculation will show the lower plate does not require any stringers. Assuming the load of 2500N is applied at the tip of the wing the moment at the wing root is 3,75 - 106 Nmm. Given that the distance between the couple of forces in the lower skin and upper skin is 150mm, the tension and compression forces in the top and bottom skin are 25000N. To obtain the stress, force is divided by area (400mm width and 0,8 mm height) and a value of 78,125Mpa is found, rough way under the yield strength of 345 MPa.However, to comply with requirement four, one stringer will be placed in the middle of the lower skin.To compute the allowable normal stress in the upper skin the assumption is made at this point that five stringers will be used in the upper skin. This results in a moment of inertia I of 6852580 mm4 for the wing box cross section and a distance y = 64,1mm. This assumption is to be gradeed later.Given the moment at the wing root, the distance y and the moment of inertia I the normal stress in the upper plate is CR = 35,08 MPa at most. Just as with the utmost shear force, wing sweep plays a place according toFilling in the formula gives (30) = 46,77 MPa. This is the stress from which onwards buckling is allowed.Now a look is to be taken at the number of stringers. It is assumed two spar webs will be equally spaced over 1330 mm, resulting in a spar web pitch of 443,33mm. Critical stress is determined for some numbers of stringers. This critical stress is given by (Brugemann et all, 2010)Given all this data the following table can be madeNumber of StringersStringer Pi tch mma/b -Kc (5) -Kc (3) - (5) Mpa (3) Mpa12002,166654,25,654,865286,544962133,33333333,2499753,85,259,9043213,683631004,33333,655,116,9126423,631364805,4166253,6526,06436,2566,666666676,499953,6537,5321652,128657,142857147,5832753,6551,0854470,952The table shows six stringers equally spaced over the width of the wing box will prevent the upper skin from buckling. To double check we compute the moment of inertia of a wing box with six stringers (6770446 mm4) and the value for y (61,9mm). Filling in these values in the formula gives a normal compressive stress of 45,7 MPa, a value smaller than the allowable stress. Concluding, six stringers will be used in the upper skin.Inter rivet bucklingAn all key(p) aspect to keep into consideration when testing is inter rivet buckling, as this phenomenon causes almost instant failure. Therefore the rivets should be able to cope with the internal loads of the wing box at 5000N. Since rivet buckling only occurs in a state of compression, only the upper sheet is considered.Failure will occur when our wing box cannot withstand the maximum stress. To calculate the maximum stress, formula 7 is used.Again the sweep must be taken into account, so using formula 8This is the maximum stress the wing box has to handle. Looking at this value we know that the aluminium will not fail because the yield stress of aluminium is 345 MPa. So the wing box will fail at the rivets. If the wing box is designed to withstand a tip load of 5 kN, then the rivets have to withstand a stress of 91,43 MPa. Inter rivet distance and inter rivet buckling stress are related through (Brugemann et all, 2010) scoop =In this formula c gives the end-fixity coefficient, which has a value of 2,1 for the pop-rivets to be used. Parameter s gives the spacing between rivets and t is the skin thickness. Rewriting this formula for s givesSo with a c = 2,1, t = 0,8mm, E = 72400 MPa and a = 130.1MPa the spacing between two rivets becomes 30,95 mm. However, assembly prec ision only goes as far a whole millimetres, so for the simplification of fabrication the inter rivet spacing is set at s = 30 mm.Final designSummarizing, key aspects of our wing box are as follows. Width and height of the box are 400mm and 150mm respectively. The longer side of the wing box measures 1500mm and the shorter side 1269mm, with the deficit in length being caused by a 30 cutaway at one end.On the shorter web plate, five stringers will be spaced equally over a distance of 1099mm, spanning from 60mm out from the perpendicular edge to 110mm out from the edge connecting to the cutaway. On the longer web plate, seven stringers will be equally positioned over a distance of 1330mm, again spanning from 60mm out from the perpendicular edge to 110mm out from the edge connecting to the cutaway.Inside the wing box, two spar webs will be positioned at a distance of 503,3mm and 946,66mm from the perpendicular edge. Through these spar webs one additional stringer will run over the botto m sheet and six additional stringers will run over the upper sheet, each spaced equally over the full width of the wing box.Finally, construction will be done through riveting, with the rivets being spaced 30mm from each other. TECHNICAL DRAWING ARE FOUND IN APPENDIX B.Failure modesOne of the most important things in this wing design is knowing how and when the box will fail. Of course there are different failure modes and all of them have to be taken in to account. An important note fatigue is not considered yet. The most important failure modes are described below. All the modes are considered for the design. It is necessary to know with stresses are in the design and at which stresses the design will fail, in order to make a good design. Also sweep has been taking into account, as stated in the design. gibe to J. Loughlan (1996) it is important to know where the stiffeners are. If the stiffeners are placed beyond the optimum value, then they have no function. The stiffeners then simply add weight, without having a function. Loughlan also states that adding a four percent of weight for stiffeners, causes a box to yield a buckling capacity that is three times higher than the buckling capacity of an unstiffened box. Nagendra et al (1994)experienced that all panels, with our without holes, unendingly fail at or near the stiffeners, at places with high bending gradients. Allow a skin to buckle has weight advantages with respect to the non-buckling designs (Lynch, 2004)Compression skin buckling of the top skinThe upper skin is loaded in compression due to the bending moment. The bending moment differs with the distance to the wing tip. Thus if the bending moment is too high, buckling will occur. To prevent this, stiffeners and stringers are placed in the design.As stated the allowable skin stress at which buckling occurs is given by formula 9. Kc can differ for each part of the box. Six stringers are used on the top side, with a Kc-value of 3,6 at line number 5. This means that the top skin can cope with a 51,08 Mpa stress without buckling, while the calculated maximum stress that will occur is 45,7 MPa.Shear Buckling of the spar websAnother failure mode is shear buckling of the spar webs. This occurs at the parts that should reinforce the design, the spar webs. In other words, when those reinforcements fail, the whole structure will fail. The initial buckling stress is given in formula 6. Line number 2 is used, with Ks having a value of 10,6 for the longer web plate(7 stiffeners used). This gives a shear stress of 17,77 Mpa where the longer web plate can cope with. For the shorter web plate a Ks of 10,3 is used( 5 stiffeners). So the shorter web plate can cope with a stress of 14,225 MPa. Both calculated values are higher than the shear stress in the plates (13,89 MPa). Since the shear stress is constant in the all the whole web plates, in this case it is most likely to fail at the shorter web plate.Inter rivet bucklingInter rivet bucklin g occurs at a high compression stress. Its possible to calculate the stress at which it occurs as given by formula 10. Since the space between the rivets is unknown and can be varied, this probably will the most important failure mode. As stated before the maximum compression stress in the whole structure is 91,422 MPa. This gives a rivet spacing of 30,95 mm. To make sure inter rivet buckling does not occur, 30mm spacing is used. The failure stress will then be 97,3 MPa. So thats the value at which it fails. 97,3MPa/ (4/3) = 72,979 Mpa gives a tip force of 5321N at which inter rivet buckling will occur.Allowable tension stress in the lower skinThe upper skin is not the only side that can fail, logically. Thus the lower skin has to be taken in to account as well. The lower skin is loaded in tension. The stress can be calculated using formula 7. The centroid lies, due to the stringers 13,1mm above the neutral axis. The point where the maximum stress will occur is hand-to-hand to the root, since there the largest moment occurs. The maximum stress in the lower skin is then -(5000-1500-(74+13.1))/6770446 = 97,5968 MPa. Taking sweep into account this gives a value of (4/3)-97,5968 = 130,1 MPa. This is way lower than the ultimate stress of aluminum (483 MPa).Clamping effectsFor the purpose of testing the wing box will be clamped at both sides as shown in figure 4. The wing box will be attacked to the test clamp structure through the use of bolts. This clamping has an effect on the overall loads experienced by the wing box structure (Yan, 1999) showing that the clamping the wing box helps the wing box experience lower loads. These clamping effects have been taken into account when considering maximum load calculations, through the form of change in KC. By selecting the appropriate KC for application, in this case a two side hinged and two side clamped, KC line 5 (Brgemann et al 2010, p28), clamping effects can be taken into account on the loads and further calculatio ns, to spotlessly predict failure.Figure 4, showing a clamped wing box during testingProduction planConstruction activitiesWeight estimatesKnowing the weight estimate for an aircraft component is crucial in the design process since weight plays a crucial role in terms aircraft performance, mainly fuel consumption, range, endurance, load capacity and speed. A light yet robust wing box is designed to withstand the maximum wing load. It is important that estimation of the weight of the wing box is accurate. According to design plans, the wing box consists of a total of 11 stringers, 12 stiffeners and 753 rivets. Since the wing box is shaped as a trapezoid, the stringers will have different lengths and therefore need to be calculated accordingly. Taking into account the geometrical property of a trapezoid, it can be deduced that the average length of the stringers can be found by summing the longest and shortest stringers and dividing it by two.Now knowing the shape of the stringer, w e can estimate its weight by using the average length, width of 20mm and thickness 3mm(considering a shaped stringers as a bar when folded).Since the stiffeners have same lengths, weight is relatively easy to calculate.To find the net gain/loss of the rivets and holes, we need to deduct the weight of sheet admixture when drilled away for rivets and add the weight of rivets.And finally the weight of the sheet metal will be calculated.Cost estimatesTo have an accurate estimation of the wing box structure, three things need to be taken into account, how much aluminum was used in the metal plating, the price of stringers/stiffeners and how many rivets are used. Also, we need a small surplus of rivets in order to buffer the human error involved during the manufacturing procedure.In the wing box, 1,65m2 of aluminum sheet metal is needed, however, the metal sheet needs to be big enough so that the 2D design of wing box can be cut out. Therefore the appropriate sheet metal has the dimensi on of 2,5m X 1,25m and costs 53,19 euros (Metals4U).In the construction of a wing box, a total of 17029,5mm of stringer/stiffener was used. The price of 5000mm of stringer/stiffener is 12,57 euros (Metals4U). Because it is not possible to purchase less than 5000 mm of stringer/stiffener, four 5000mm stringer/stiffener needs to be purchased. This will in total cost 50,26 euros.753 rivets are needed for the wing box. Because it is only possible to purchase rivets in bulk, 800 rivets will be bought for both practical reasons and as a buffer. One hundred 3mm diameter rivets cost 4,43 euros per 100 rivets (Rivets Aluminium 4.0 x 10 5985). For 800 rivets, the cost will be 35,44 euros.Excluding manual labor wages for the students, the total cost for manufacturing the groups wing box is 138,89 euros.ConclusionThis report has discussed the design of a wing box. The objective of this report was to design a wing box that is able to withstand a tip load of 2,5kN without buckling, a tip load of 5,0kN without failure (buckling is allowed), with at least one intermediate stringer attached to the lower skin. The design has to be optimized with respect to weight and producibility.From our calculations it was concluded that the final wing box will have 6 stringers, 5 stiffeners on the short web plate, 7 stiffeners on the longer web plate and 2 spar webs. The construction will be done through riveting, with a rivet spacing of 30mm all equidistant in order to meet criteria.By calculating the weight of each individual part and adding them up altogether, the weight of the wing box could be calculated. The weight estimation showed a total weight of 5,98 kg.In a similar way, the cost estimation was done, showing a total cost of 138,89A production plan has been produced describing the list of activities to be performed by a team up of 11 people.BibliographyBrugemann et all, V. (2010). AE1200 Project Manual Design and Construction. Delft.Loughlan, J. (1996, May). The buckling of co mposite stiffened box sections subjected to compression and bending. Elsevier, 35(1), 101-116.Lynch, C. (2004, October). The computational post buckling analysis of fuselage stiffened panels loaded in compression. Elsevier, 42(10), 1446-1464.Nagendra. (1994). Buckling and failure characteristics of compression-loaded stiffened composite panels with a hole. Elsevier, 28(1), 1-17.Wright, J., Cooper, J. (2007). Introduction to Aircraft Aeroelasticity and loads. John Wiley and Sons.List of figuresFigure 4 Van den Bos, 2010, Tips and tricks for modelling a wing box

Analysis of Air Quality in the UK

Analysis of Air Quality in the UKIntroductionAir pollution has always been a major(ip) bea of concern in the actual world, especially in major cities. Air pollution is defined as-the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more contaminants such as dust, fumes, gas, mist, odour, smoke, or vapour in quantities and of characteristics and duration such as to be injurious to human, inventt, or animal life story or to property, or to interfere immoderately with the comfortable enjoyment of life and property.In the past there have been severe problems with short letter feature in the United Kingdom, especially in major cities such as London. In 1952 the Great London Smog, which came about due to an increase in industrialisation, caused heavy smoke to settle over the city for days and caused thousands of closes. Fortunately, the air attribute in London has substantially improved since then and visible air pollution, such as dust, smoke, and smog has mostly disappeared due t o UK and European legislation and initiatives. However, there have been more recent instances of deaths caused by air pollution. In 2003, during Londons summer smog episode in August there were a total of between 46 and 212 premature deaths from ozone and 85 from particulate matter. Londons summer smog episode in July 2006 was likely to have resulted in a equivalent or greater number of deaths from ozone and a slightly lower number for particulate matter.Due these events and increase public awareness or the damaging make of air pollution, the United Kingdom government has put mixed legislation and initiatives in place to improve air quality. Air pollutants are mainly caused by human activities that have serious substantiallyness effects on human health, wildlife, and the surroundings. As well, car and aviation pollution are major sources of many air pollutants and the number of vehicles and aircrafts are change magnitude. These pollutants all contribute to temper change, which could lead to flooding and extreme weather. environmental legislation that deals with air pollution has postureed to improve air quality through a variety of measures. Furthermore, initiatives such as the matter Air Quality Strategy and preventative systems like the precautionary, preventative and polluter pays teachings also aim to improve air quality. Other proposals include reducing car emissions, buying locally produced goods and turning off electronic devices when not in use.Air Pollutants umpteen activities that seem harmless on the uprise contribute to air pollution, from driving a car to using hairspray. The main pollutants of concern that affect air quality include, but are not limited to particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and sulphur dioxide (SO2). These pollutants female genitalia have serious health effects in both(prenominal) the long and short term.Particulate matter is non-visible airborne particles and the main so urce is the emissions from diesel engines. When inhaled, particulate matter layabout reach deep in the lungs where it pile produce inflammation and worsen heart and lung diseases in domiciliateers of these conditions.Volatile organic compounds are mainly released in vehicle exhaust gases, usually as unburned fuels. These compounds can irritate the lungs and lower resistance to certain infections.Chlorofluorocarbons are a product of aerosol sprays, solvents, etc that undergo a major reaction that destroys the ozone. The ozone is vital as it protects life from ultraviolet radiation. Also, CFCs can have a more visible effect as it has been known to irritate the lungs and increase the symptoms in sufferers of asthma and lung diseases. Other assertable long term health effects include cancer, liver and kidney disparage, and birth defects.Sulphur dioxide is released into the air due to the burning of fossil fuels which contain sulphur, the most putting green source being coal fired power stations. It is an acidic gas which can combine with water vapour to produce acid rain, which has been linked to the death of wildlife in some cases, as well as to the corrosion of buildings. It can cause a decrease in lung function in persons who already suffer from respiratory problems. Thus, it is clear to see why it is measurable to reduce these pollutants as much as possible to ensure the safety of the population.Car pollution motor Vehicles are one of the major sources of air pollution in the United Kingdom by causing carbon dioxide emissions at a total of 22%. Other air pollutants from motor vehicles include nitrogen oxides, particles, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. This forget not change in the near future as traffic levels are predicted to continue to rise. All of these pollutants have a damaging impact on human health and flora and fauna. The UK Government has introduced measures to set upon this form of air pollution. The annual Vehicle Excise Duty (VED) wa s introduced in 2001 as a way to tax motor vehicles based on predicted carbon dioxide emissions and the type of fuel used. In addition, tax discounts are available for users who buy bio-fuel and hybrid electric vehicles. In this way, car owners are encouraged to buy vehicles which are less harmful to the environment. melodic phrase PollutionIn 2006, approximately 240 million passengers passed through the main UK airports and the government predicts that by 2020 this will increase to 400 million passengers. Pollutant emissions from aircrafts are rising with the increasing amount of flights. Previously, the main pollutant that was emitted from aircrafts was nitrogen oxides (NOx). These are harmful as they contribute to the making of ozone which has a major part in global warming unless this is not a problem of recent for civil aviation with the decommissioning of the Concorde. As well, aircrafts are a major source of carbon dioxide emissions and these emissions at a high altitude ar e thought to have a greater effect on climate change than emissions on the ground. In fact, it is likely that the aviation area will become the main source of carbon dioxide in the near future.Climate ChangeAlong with directly harming human health as mentioned, some other effect that these pollutants cause is climate change, which implies a significant change from one climatic condition to another(prenominal). This happens when the emission of nursery gases trap the radiation emitted by the earths surface which raises the air temperature. There are predictions that this can cause changes such as the melting of polar ice caps which could cause flooding in low-lying areas. The greenhouse effect, as this is called, continues to increase as the emissions of these gases are on the rise and the government is following the Kyoto Protocol targets in order to reduce these emissions. As well, the UK launched a climate change program in 2000 with the aim of helping the UK to reduce greenhous e gas emissions by 12.5% by 2012 and to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 20% by 2010. The reduction of greenhouse gas emission is done through integrated pollution prevention and control permits.The two main economic instruments used to combat climate change in the United Kingdom are the climate change levy and the case emissions trading scheme. The Climate Change Levy (CCL), which was introduced in the Finance bit 2000, is an energy usage tax that is levied on users in the industrial and public sector. There are also discount schemes in place, as well as an incentive to companies as they can reclaim 100% of capital allowance for energy efficient products within the first year of expenditure.The national emissions trading scheme is a voluntary measure which began in 2002 and aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by allowing participants to buy and sell allowances to produce emissions. The scheme was devised by the Emissions Trading Authority. The allowances are based on specif ic reduction target agreed on by the participants. One of the critiques of the scheme is that any reduction in emissions is not necessarily linked to the trading scheme.Current LegislationAir pollution is a challenging area of environmental law to regulate. This is because emissions can riddle quickly and it can be difficult to identity the sources of pollution. Although the UK government has been accused of being reactive rather than proactive with regards to environmental regulation, the government has passed various laws in an effort to combat air pollution.The first of such laws was passed in response to the Great London Smog, and called the Clean Air operation 1956. The act aimed to protect the environment by controlling and reducing sources of smoke pollution including smoke, dust, and fumes from all fires and furnaces by introducing smokeless zones in the city. This act was supplemented by the Clean Air Act 1968, and both acts were consolidated in the Clean Air Act 1993.As well, The Environment Act 1995 contains a number of provisions which enabled the development of various policies on air pollution. It requires all local authorities in the UK to review and assess air quality in their area. If any standards are unlikely to be met by the required date, then that area will be designated an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and the local authority must implement an action plan aimed at reducing levels of the pollutant. Furthermore, some local authorities have adopted specific bye laws to control sources of air pollution. However, these can be difficult to implement because surveillance is complicated and it is not easy to find those responsible.In terms of traffic control, the Road Traffic Reduction Act 1997 places a duty on local authorities to continually review traffic levels on roads and to produce targets for lowering traffic numbers. Local authorities have the power to do this by issuing Traffic Regulation Orders (TROs) which can be used to achi eve air quality objectives by restricting traffic in certain areas. Also, under the Transport Act 2000, every local bring authority must create Local Transport Plans (LTP) which give details for promoting public transport and charging levies to vehicle uses.Finally, the Air Quality (England) Regulations 2000 sets down the targets for air quality in each area starting line from the end of 2003 to 2008. These objectives are to reduce the main pollutants of concern and are set in relation to the effect on human health, as well as its effect on the environment in general.InitiativesThe National Air Quality Strategy is the main policy that sets out UK air quality standards and objectives for reducing levels of health-threatening pollutants and maintaining or improving air quality levels. Its power comes from class 80 of the Environment Act 1995. The levels of reduction have been set on the basis of scientific and medical evidence on the health effects of the various pollutants, and ac cording to how realistic the standards to be met are. Many of these standards are the product of UK incorporation of European law. The targets laid out by the strategy are usually achieved by pollution control legislation through the setting of emission limits. However, though the environment act provides a power to prescribe standards, the strategy has no statutory force.The system of Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) is the main form of pollution regulation in the UK, and gets its power under the Environmental Protection Act 1990. It aims to ensure that solutions that have a positive impact on one area of the environment, does not have a negative impact on another i.e. to have more integrated solutions. The system involves issuing a permit and conditions are based on the use of Best Available Techniques (BAT), which balances the costs of preventing environmental impacts against benefits to the environment. Where a breach of legally binding EU air quality limit val ues is caused by a particular industrial installation or sector, more stringent permit limits than BAT can be imposed. A number of smaller installations are covered by Local Authority Pollution Prevention and Control (LAPPC), which controls emissions to air only.The Precautionary and Preventative PrinciplesThese article of beliefs are methods of protecting the environment from damage. This precautionary principle states that precautions should be taken to protect human health and the environment, even in the event of a lack of evidence of harm caused. However, critics say it does not specify how much caution should be taken. As well week precaution, which is used in the UK, only requires precautionary measures to be taken when the balance of cost and benefits justifies doing so. This basically means that persons can cause environmental damage as long as it is a net gainer to do so, which does not let the public know the importance of protecting the environment. The preventative pri nciple is more widely acceptable. It states that the damage should be prevented in advance rather than taken care of after the fact. It also requires the preventative measures to be based on scientific standards. Thus, it is more likely to be accepted by big corporations as it is a more proven measure.The Polluter Pays PrincipleThe polluter pays principle is a policy developed by the EC. It means that the person or organisation that caused the pollution should pay for the cost of the pollution. This includes direct and indirect costs as well as costs incurred by avoiding pollution. However is should be noted that this principle, though followed, has no statutory force. This policy has major criticism because it is hard to determine the limits on payment for damage caused. It is also difficult to identify the polluter. In most instances, only certain polluters are targeted which brings harsh criticism and questions the validity of the policy. As well, it could give the impression th at pollution is acceptable as long as you pay for it which sends the wrong message.ProposalsThe only way that the above mentioned legislations and initiatives will work in todays society is if there is a greater emphasis on public awareness of the effects of air pollution on our environment. The most efficient starting point in combating air pollution is by seeking to reduce emissions in motor vehicles, as well as reducing the number of vehicles. This can be done through the promotion of public transport and carpooling. Also, there should be more encouragement of buying local goods, as the longer the blank that goods are transported, the more air pollution is generated. Thus, if more people consumed locally produced goods it would go a long way in reducing air pollution and improving air quality. Finally, if people switch off their electronic devices when they are not using them and use energy-saving light bulbs, they can save on their electrical energy bill as well as reduce the a mount of pollutants that are emitted into the air. Therefore, if less electricity is used then less power is produced and fewer pollutants will be released into the air.ConclusionThe environment is obviously very important for various reasons, and every effort must be made to protect it to the greatest intent possible. It can be seen that air pollution has a significant negative impact on human health, wildlife, architecture and the environment in general. This is mostly caused by certain human activities and by reducing them we can improve air quality. These improvements include taking non-vehicle means of transportation, buying locally produced goods, switching off electronic appliances and buying energy-saving light bulbs. However, air pollution is a difficult area of environmental law to navigate, as the range of polluters and the sources of pollutants are varied and difficult to identity.It is important to continue improvements of air quality in the UK, especially in light of upcoming events such as the Olympics in 2012. As Philip Mulligan, Chief Executive of Environmental Protection UK, saidWith current concerns regarding the air quality in Beijing for the Olympics this summer, it is only fitting that London takes steps to ensure that air quality standards are met in the capital, in time for the 2012 games.It is important that the United Kingdom is seen as a leader in protecting the environment, as a lot of countries odour the UK for guidance on important issues such as these.

Battle of Fort Sumter Essay -- essays research papers

Fort Sumter is located in Charleston, South Carolina. The fort is in Charlestons harbor. The fort was not even complete when war broke out. This was a big turning point for the joined States of America. It separated the north from the south and in some cases it separated families. This war would impact how the United States saw slavery. It is the most deadly war that the United States has every seen in its history. It all began with the secession of South Carolina. After this an understanding was established between the political science in Washington and the members of Congress from South Carolina. They both agreed that the forts, Fort Moultrie and Fort Sumter, would not be attacked, or seized as an act of war, until proper negotiations for their cession to the state. At the time of this Fort Sumter was in an unfinished state and did not have a garrison. (www.civilwarhome.com/CMHsumter.htm)Major Anderson thought that the people of Charleston were about t attempt to seize Fort Sumt er. He would not stand for this, so since he was commander of all the defenses of the harbor, and without any orders to disagree with him, he said that he could occupy any one of his choice. Since he was being watched he only told his plan to three or four officers that he knew that he could trust. He premier(prenominal) removed the women and children with a supply of provisions. They were sent to Fort Johnson on Dec. 26 in vessels. The firing of tree guns at Moultrie was to be the signal for them to be conveyed to Sumter. In the evening the garrison went to Sumter. The people of Charleston knew that the women and children were at Fort Johnson and thought that Anderson would take his troops there. (www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/battlefort-sumter.html)On March 5, 1861 Abraham Lincoln got a message for Maj. Robert Anderson, who was at Fort Sumter, saying that there was less than a six week supply of food left. On April 8, Lincoln told Gov. Francis Pickens of South Carolina that he was going to shew to refurnish the fort. The Confederate government ordered Gen. Beauregard to demand the evacuation of the fort. If it was refused he was to force its evacuation. (www.us-civilwar.com/sumter.htm) Anderson received a letter from Gen. Beauregard telling him to evacuate the fort or h... ...pThe bombardment had lasted thirty-six hours, and over 3,000 shot and shell had been hurled at the fort. The evacuation of the fort took place the following day on April 14, 1861. The fort had been evacuate, not surrendered. to begin with the evacuation the citizens of Taunton Mass. had voted Maj. Anderson an elegant sword. New York gave him the freedom of the city in a gold box. Finally, on June 6, 1861, the Chamber of Commerce of New York ordered the execution of a series of medals to be presented to Maj. Anderson and to each man of the garrison. (www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/battle-fort-sumter.html) This is what took place at Fort Sumter and what the men at the fort had to go through. This battle didnt have many a(prenominal) short term effects, but it did have one major long term effect. This battle started the civil war, which was the deadliest war that America has ever had and I entrust that it is the last.SourcesMcPherson, James M. The Atlas of the Civil War. Macmillan 15 Columbus Circle New York, NY. 1994.http//www.us-civilar.com/sumter.htmhttp//www.civilwarhome.com/CHMsumter.htmhttp//www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/battle-fort-sumter.html

Torn and Confused, but I love You Essay -- Love Letters Dating Email R

Dear Michael,Love has taught me and has changed me since weve met. I knew you were the only man I have ever really loved and the only man I ever wanted to be with for the rest of my life. From the start I could see us together and I could hear my heart say, I am going to marry him. I was shocked, but I was happy.Then my head and ego got in the way and my false assumption took over and I played games. I began to see all the things about you that I wanted to change. False pride do me feel afraid that you did not love me and this caused me to feel insecure. Then ego gave you the love test and of course you failed. Now I know that false pride does not trust and ego does not know true love.When my expectations grew, my egotistical, selfish personality took over and my love for you...