Causes Of The Armenian Genocide - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1987 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Genocide Essay Did you like this example? On April 24, 1915, Ottoman authorities rounded up, arrested, and deported between 235 and 270 Armenian community leader and scholars from Constantinople, the majority of whom were eventually killed. The genocide was carried out throughout World War I in two phases the killing of the able-bodied men through massacre and forced labor, and then the deportation of women, children, the elderly, and the ill, on death marches to the Syrian Desert. Driven forward by military ?escorts, the ?deportees were deprived of food and water, and victim to robbery, rape, and massacre. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Causes Of The Armenian Genocide" essay for you Create order In 1943, Raphael Lemkin was moved specifically by the annihilation of Armenians to define the organized manner in which the killings were carried out, coining the word genocide as systematic and premeditated exterminations within legal parameters. Thus, the Armenian Genocide is widely acknowledged to have been the first modern genocide; while Turkey denies that genocide is an accurate term, as of 2018, 29 countries have officially recognized the mass killings as genocide, as have most genocide scholars and historians. The deportation and murder of hundreds of thousands of Armenians was a reaction to the toals of World War I and not of a long-held plan to eliminate Armenians as an ethnic cleansing. The roots of this genocide, however, are grounded in Turkish Muslims resentment of Armenian Christians political and economic success, going against traditional Ottoman social hierarchies that held Muslims superior to non-Muslims†and a growing sense by young Turk leaders and Muslims t hat Armenians were ?others and a dangerous element to society. On July 24, 1908, Armenians movement for equality in the Ottoman Empire strengthened when a coup detat staged by officers of the Ottoman Third Army removed Abdul Hamid II from power, and restored the country to a constitutional monarchy. The officers were part of the Young Turk movement, who wanted to reform the administration of the Ottoman Empire to meet European standards. The movement was an anti-Hamidian coalition made up of two distinct groups, the liberal constitutionalists and the nationalists, the former more democratic and accepting of Armenians, the latter mostly intolerant of Armenians and their frequent requests for European assistance. In 1902 however, during a congress of the Young Turks held in Paris, the heads of the liberal wing, Sabahaddin and Ahmed Riza Bey, somewhat convinced the nationalists to include ensuring some rights for all the minorities of the empire, including Armenians, as part of their new agenda. One factions within the Young Turk movement was a secret revolutionary organization, the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP). It drew its membership from disaffected army officers based in Salonika, and was behind a wave of mutinies against the central government. In 1908, elements of the Third Army and the Second Army Corps declared their opposition to the Sultan and threatened to march on the capital to depose him. Threatened by the wave of resentment, he stepped down from power. The ultimate goal of the CUP was to restore the Ottoman Empire to its former glory, reclaiming its title as one of the worlds great powers. Once the party gained control and consolidated its power in the 1912 Election of Clubs and the 1913 Raid on the Sublime Porte, the party grew increasingly more splintered and volatile. Following attacks on the empires Turkish citizens during the Balkan Wars of 1912â€Å"1913, the three leaders, Enver Pasha, Talaat Pasha and Jemal Pasha, fortified their position as t he new leadership, together recognized as the Three Pashas and took over rule of the Ottoman Empire and the CUP party, known as The Young Turks. In 1912, the First Balkan War broke out, ending in the defeat of the Ottoman Empire and the loss the majority of its European territory. Many in the empire saw their defeat as Allahs divine punishment for a society that did not know how to pull itself together. Soon, the Turkish nationalist movement viewed Anatolia as their last refuge, where the Armenian population were a minority. A subsequent repercussion was the mass expulsion of Muslims from the Balkans, and the following large scale immigration, where more than half a million refugees settled in areas where Armenians resided. They soon resented the status of their relatively well-off neighbors, a disdain that would influence the murder and expulsion of Armenians, and the confiscation of their properties, during the genocide. As a preface, Turkey has steadily refused to recognize that the events of 1915â€Å"16 constitute a genocide. The Turkish government has admitted that deportations took place, but they maintain that the Armenians were a rebellious faction that had to be pacified during a national security crisis; while they acknowledge that some killing took place, they contend that it was not initiated or directed by the government, and there were ?deaths on both sides. Major countries†including the United States, Israel, and Great Britain†have also declined to acknowledge the events as a genocide, in order to avoid damaging their relations with Turkey. In 2014, government officials in Turkey offered condolences to the Armenian victims, but Armenians remain committed to having the mass killings of their ancestors during World War I recognized as a genocide. The Ottoman Empire opened the Middle Eastern theater of World War I on the side of the Central Powers on November 2, 1914, and the following battles of the Caucasus Campaign, the Persian Campaign and the Gallipoli Campaign directly affected populated Armenian communities. Before entering the war, the Ottoman government had sent representatives to the Armenian congress at Erzurum to convince Ottoman Armenians to facilitate the conquest of Transcaucasia by inciting an insurrection of Russian Armenians against the Russian army if a Caucasus theater is opened. On December 24, 1914, this is put into action when the Minister of War Enver Pasha implemented a plan to surround and overpower the Russian Caucasus Army to repossess territory lost to Russia in the Russo-Turkish War. But when Pashas forces were routed in the battle, and almost completely annihilated, Pasha publicly blamed the defeat on Armenians in the region having actively sided with the Russians. As a result, on November 14, 19 14, in Constantinople, capital of the Ottoman Empire, the religious leader Sheikh-ul-Islam declared an Islamic holy war on behalf of the Ottoman government, urging his Muslim followers to take up arms against Britain, France, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro in World War I;   this was later used as a factor to provoke radical masses in the implementation of the Armenian Genocide. On February 25, 1915, the Ottoman General Staff released the War Minister Enver Pashas Directive 8682 on Increased security and precautions to all military units calling for the removal of all ethnic Armenians serving in the Ottoman forces from their posts and for their demobilization; the directive accused the Armenian Patriarchate of releasing State secrets to the Russians. Enver Pasha explained this decision as out of fear that they would collaborate with the Russians. Before February, some of the Armenian recruits were utilized as labourers before being executed. Transferring Armenian conscripts from active combat to passive, unarmed logistic sections was an important precursor to the subsequent genocide. The execution of the Armenians in these battalions was part of a premeditated strategy of the CUP. Those who werent murdered were deported. But the government called it a necessary deportation, claiming that many Armenian radicals were threatening to side with Russia. Turkey say s that there was never a deliberate, ethnically-driven effort to exterminate the Armenian population; it was a wartime precaution, like the U.S. relocated the Japanese population during World War II, says Dr. Kamer Kasim, Dean of Abant Izzet Baysal University. Ottoman rulers, like most of their subjects, were Muslim. They permitted Armenians to maintain some autonomy, but they also subjected them to unequal and unjust treatment; under the Ottoman Empire, Christians had minimal political and legal rights. Still, Armenian communities thrived. They tended to be better educated and wealthier than their (Muslim) Turkish neighbors, who in turn grew to resent their success. This resentment was compounded by distrust, as Muslim Turks believed that the Christian Armenians would be loyal to Christian governments, specifically Russia, rather than to the Ottoman caliphate. The success of Armenian Christians over Muslim Turks, the distrust of religious loyalties, and especially the government scapegoating of Armenians when the military failed, are all causes of the Armenian Genocide. Because the Armenian population was oppressed, Turkish military leaders argued that Armenians thought they could win independence if the Allies were victorious, thus they would be eager to fight for the enemy. The military leads were not wrong, and as the war intensified, Armenians organized volunteer battalions to help the Russian army fight against the Turks in the Caucasus region. Whether accusations lead to Armenians taking up arms, or Armenians taking up arms lead to accusations is still unclear. Either way, these events, and the general Turkish distrust of the Armenian people, led the Turkish government to move for the removal of Armenians from war zones along the Eastern Front†thus the deportations began. As Armenian men were killed and sent to labor and women and children were deported, they left behind their homes, land, and all the wealth theyd acquired. At the same time, the beginning of World War I had begun to take its toll on the Ottoman Empire, and the new Young Turk government was running out of the resources needed to continue waging war. While the government struggled, the Armenian populations in Tiflis and Baku controlled most of the local wealth, therefore it is reasonable to come to the conclusion that part of the reason for the genocide was to take over the wealth left behind by the Armenians who had been deported and murdered. Stealing Armenians wealth solved one of the empires two problems; with the stolen wealth, the Young Turk government could fund its continuing role in World War I. However, besides the financial struggles in the war, the fighting itself was going poorly. The Armenian people caught the blame for this too. As the Turkish people were already distrusting of Armenians, the government simply continued to turn its people against the Armenians, portraying the minority as the reason for the military defeats, claiming that they were being undermined from within. To back up this claim, and to prevent any resistance to the forthcoming attacks, the Turkish government disarmed all Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. To follow up, the Young Turks then took advantage of the contentious war situation, claiming that all Armenians, beginning with those in the highly populated Anatolia region, and later extending to all Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, needed to be relocated due to wartime emergencies. In May, the Ottoman Parliament passed legislation formally authorizing the deportation. The deportation was accompanied by a systematic campaign of mass murder. Survivors who reached the deserts of Syria were left in concentration camps, many starving to dea th, with mass killings continuing into 1916. Conservative estimates have calculated that from 600,000 to more than 1,000,000 Armenians were slaughtered or died on the marches. The events of 1915â€Å"16 were witnessed by a number of foreign journalists, missionaries, diplomats, and military officers who sent reports home about death marches and killing fields. While the deportation and murder of hundreds of thousands of Armenians was a reaction to the toals of World War I and not of a long-held plan to eliminate Armenians as an ethnic cleansing, its roots are grounded in Turkish Muslims resentment of Turkish Armenians   political and economic success, going against traditional Ottoman social hierarchies that held Muslims superior to non-Muslims†and a growing sense by young Turk leaders and Muslims that Armenians were others and a dangerous element to society.   Despite unequal and unjust treatment under the Ottoman Empire where Christians had minimal political and legal rights, Armenian communities thrived, unfairly earning themselves disdain from their Muslim neighbors. While there is not one moment or one notion that set off the Armenian Genocide, this disdain, the success of Armenian Christians over Muslim Turks, the distrust of Armenians (religious) loyalties, and the government scapegoating of Armenians when the military fai led, are all causes of the Armenian Genocide.

My Experience With My Mother Essay - 2334 Words

I didn’t know what to expect when I opened the door, but when I did I just saw two people sitting in this sitting area that almost looked like a living room. They were both sitting on a couch about the size of a love seat, which was adjacent to another chair. They were both in a somewhat casual attire. My mother was dressed in jeans and a plain white t-shirt. My father was dressed in a striped polo shirt match with a pair of tan slacks. If you looked closely you could tell that my mother had been in the kitchen, with small speckles of flour on her clothes and aims a discarded apron hanging off the side of the arm rest on the couch. My father on the other hand had been sitting at the computer all day. His glasses slightly tilted to the side. The fabric of his pants slightly more wrinkled towards his thighs and waist. I could remember my mom cooking in the kitchen whenever I came home from school. Discovering new recipes and concocting new sweets ready for my consumption when I entered. And my dad would be in his office tapping on his keyboard and the whisper of a clickity-clack, tippity-tap of the keys as he worked, a look of determination etched on his face. Eyebrows furrowed in concentration in comparison to the song leaving my mom’s lips and the smell of food wafting in from the kitchen. You would’ve thought we were perfect. I thought we were perfect. Little did I know that it would leave me so soon. Now here we were almost 8 years later. My mother and father standing inShow MoreRelatedMy Experience At Home, My Mother, A Registered Nurse875 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout my life I have had numerous milestones that have helped me to grow. However, there are two areas of my life that have shaped me to become the person I am today: my time at home and my time in school. In each of these places I have led a separate lifestyle, both intertwined in many ways but strikingly different in others. While at home, my mother, a registered nurse, i nspired my desire to contribute to medicine, and my university furthered that desire by providing an educational backgroundRead MoreMy Personal Experience With Heavenly Mother1170 Words   |  5 PagesHeavenly Mother, the New Jerusalem is the female image of God that gives eternal life in the Last Days. For thousands of years people have known we have a Father in Heaven. What many still do not know is that there is a prophecy being fulfilled right now, this very moment. This states that wo not only have a Father in Heaven, but we also have a Heavenly Mother who is being revealed in the Last Days to give us eternal life. I can truly believe in The New Jerusalem because I have personalRead MoreMy Mother s Experiences That Changed My Life2261 Words   |  10 Pagesabout a powerful woman in my life that was influential to me and had gone through a lot. Many women struggle in the world with such things as family, education, and being in the work force and are often tim es undervalued. Many things that happen in life can affect women’s thoughts, feelings, emotions, actions, and finances. I chose my mother, Ellen Murphy, to discuss how certain events throughout her life had affected her with all of those that I listed. My mother’s experiences of adopting two childrenRead MoreReflection of How to Fire Your Mother and How it Relates to My Experience521 Words   |  2 Pagesâ€Å"How to fire your mother† is a short interview between the representative of Markkula Center for Applies Ethics and Kevin Beals, the CFO, and Bryan Wargo, the CEO of Nearby system. They both graduated from college in 1995 and had 15 years of experience in working in Silicon Valley. The video is 6:35 minutes length and you can watch it at this link http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKFb2A0U-mgindex=40list=PL4AE76B235A9EB6FE In this video, Bryan Wargo thinks that we spend more time with people at workRead MoreMy Life With My Mother887 Words   |  4 Pagesamounts of separation from my mother, even thou now I can look back and see if was just more then I was use to. Once into high school the separation grew larger, as I got older, her time for her boyfriends grew larger and I was left alone. I experienced a large disconnect with my mother, in which I spent more time living with my friends parents then I did my own. Also going back to throughout my junior high years a medical condition for numerous years that had gone undiagnosed and it created largeRead MoreMy Mother Has Been The Primary Caregiver1656 Words   |  7 PagesMy mother has been the primary caregiver to myself and my sister who is two years older. My mother was a single parent, who worked two to three jobs at a time, which did in a way affect our experiences throughout childhood. I cannot remember my childhood from when I was very little b ut do have memories from the age of 5 and onward. As I child, I remember having the opportunity to explore the outdoors around me. These exploring adventures had the appropriate supervision if it was needed; however IRead MoreMulticultural Experience : My Family1696 Words   |  7 PagesMulticultural Experience My identified family My Nuclear family consists of my mother, my father, my little brother and I. While this is my nuclear family, my external family has played a crucial part in my development. Growing up, I have always counted on an extensive family system during some stressful situations. This is one of the reasons why when my family had to separate to come to the United States, I was able to cope with the transition gracefully. This experience provided my family withRead MoreMost Memorable Experience In My Life1490 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many memorable critical occasions that I encountered throughout my life. However, these occasions played a great role in helping me to find what I want to accomplish in my future life. The most vivid memories I had as a child were my most traumatic. These are when my mother and grandmother were diagnosed with cancer when I was in Ethiopia. After three years, my mother suffered from a horrible headache that sent her to the hospital and that was when she foun d out that she was diagnosed withRead MoreMental Illness And Its Effects901 Words   |  4 Pagesseven immediate family members in my family genogram. These family members include my grandfather, John Brown, who was a deacon at a Baptist church before his passing. My grandmother, Susan Brown, who is currently caring for my sister and her child. Also included is my mother, Yvonne and her two younger sisters Pamela and Adrienne. Both my mother and her sisters are currently unemployed. In this genogram, I have also included my brother Aaron, and my sister Kristin. My sister Kristin suffers from a cognitiveRead MoreThe Loss Of The Creature By Walter Percy1513 Words   |  7 Pagesour lives. Life is about our experiences. It is important to explore the world whenever we get the opportunity, but we must look at the world through a new perspective in order to truly see it. Walter Percy indirectly tells us, the most worthwhile kinds of experiences are not the ones we plan, but the ones w e don’t quite expect to happen. My mother planned a vacation for my family and I looking for that once in a lifetime experience. She decided that the experience would take place in Hawaii, the

Human Resources Services

Question: This report states the necessary facts that relates to assisting employers as well as workers gather knowledge about the health and safety measures that has to be implemented in the workplace (Regan 2015). Answer: Activity 1A Relevant Source of information The sources of information can be obtained through the Australian Work Health and Safety Strategy 20122022, under the category of health and safety capabilities: Improved work healthActivity 1B and safety capabilities. This report states the necessary facts that relates to assisting employers as well as workers gather knowledge about the health and safety measures that has to be implemented in the workplace (Regan 2015). Important online portals relating to WHS Act, Australia can also be accessed to gather knowledge about the recent alterations made to the WHS Act. Industry Changes in the Context of WHS Reese (2015) mentioned that in the manufacturing industry it is essential that the management of the organization along with the operational department has to be aware of the changes in the WHS Act, to make the necessary changes in the operational department of the business organization. In this regard, it can be said that the workers in the organization should be aware of the WHS Act and its implications, so that they shall be able to defend themselves if it is felt that their rights are being violated in any manner. I feel that it is important to be updated to the changes to the WHS act since the safety and the concern of the employees is paramount. Facilitating awareness It is essential to visit the WHS website in frequent intervals of time, to ensure that I have knowledge about the latest changes that are happening within the WHS Act. In addition , Armstrong and Taylor (2014) noted that various reports relating to the WHS Act, that are published in business magazines and journals can also be consulted in frequent intervals of time to assess the implications of the WHS act . Ensuring Safety in the Workplace A safe working environment can be implemented can implementing training programmes for the benefits of the workers. Yazdani (2015) mentioned that these training schemes shall emphasize upon the different safety measures that the worker can undertake in executing the production processes of the business organization. In addition, there should be adequate space for free movement of the workers. It is expected that this would lead to any kind of health hazard for the workers. Floyde (2013) mentioned that it is important that the staff in the organization have the access to the changes in the WHS Act. This would ensure that the staff takes a proactive role in determining the well-being and the safety of the workers. As such, this shall assist the organization in strictly adhering to the constituents of the WHS act, in ensuring appropriate execution of health and safety measures in the workplace. Activity 1B The WHS plan in the context of the manufacturing industry shall consist of the following: Part 1: General WHS necessities Emergency procedures An urgent evacuation plan has been stated in the following locations. Office/reception Workshops Common areas Sheds Washrooms Hazard/Injury Reporting In the case of an injury or hazard, the following measures can be taken for the reporting of the incident. Inform the station manager of the incident as well as the hazard. Develop a Hazard / Injury or an incident report form that shall state the details of the accident. All relevant sections shall be duly filled up. The station manager must record all the details of the accident in the injury register. First Aid The following first aid measures must be used in the case of the reporting of incidents. The appointment as well as the training of the first aid officers. The usage of the first aid kits in the workplace The provision of the first aid kits within the vehicle Part 2: WHS Requirements Asbestos - The entity has to comply with the asbestos management plan as well as the asbestos register if there is usage of asbestos in the building of the premises. In addition, any repair oet work that is being done must be checked as per the asbestos register. Inappropriate Behavior - Harassment, bullying and any kind of violent behavior towards fellow co-workers shall not be allowed in the workplace. Disciplinary action must be taken to prevent such accidents in the organization. Thus, there shall be strict guidelines that would govern employee behavior in the workplace. Hazardous substances- The hazardous substances relate to chemicals, organic matter as well as other fatal substances that shall pose a health threat to the workers when exposed to such substances in the workplace. Such substances can include glue, solvents as well as paints. Besides this, it can include cleaning solutions, corrosives and flammable items. Electrical safety - Regular maintenance of the electrical items is one of the necessary attributes towards ensuring the safety of the employees from electrical goods. If electrical devices are not regularly monitored, this can lead to fatality and even death of the employees. References Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014. Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Floyde, A., Lawson, G., Shalloe, S., Eastgate, R. and DCruz, M., 2013. The design and implementation of knowledge management systems and e-learning for improved occupational health and safety in small to medium sized enterprises. Safety science, 60, pp.69-76. Quinlan, M., Matthews, L., Bohle, P. and Fitzpatrick, S., 2016. Employer and union responses to traumatic death at work: Evidence from Australia. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, 40(3), p.1. Reese, C.D., 2015. Occupational health and safety management: a practical approach. CRC press. Regan, R., 2015. Coal Mine Health and Safety Regulatory and Enforcement Approach, New South Wales, Australia. Yazdani, A., Neumann, W.P., Imbeau, D., Bigelow, P., Pagell, M., Theberge, N., Hilbrecht, M. and Wells, R., 2015. How compatible are participatory ergonomics programs with occupational health and safety management systems?. Scandinavian journal of work, environment health, 41(2), pp.111-123.

Overcoming Content Shock

Consistently producing engaging content is a core element of most marketing strategies, but will it be sustainable over the long term?According to some digital marketing experts, the glut of content online might be weakening the power of inbound marketing efforts. Social media expert Mark Schaefer labeled this phenomenon â€Å"content shock† and the concerns he raised have caused quite a bit of discussion. What Is Content Shock? Content shock is the idea that the amount of content people are able to consume has more or less peaked while the amount of content being produced keeps growing rapidly. Schaefer’s theory suggests that once we are at a certain level of saturation, publishing new content will be almost pointless. However, it’s important not to confuse the idea of content shock with information overload.More information is usually a good thing and tends to help create better content that rises to the top.Content shock refers more specifically to saturation, or density, of content in a particular niche or industry more than the actual amount. More and More Content Just how much content is being produced?According to one study, over 4.6 billion pieces are created each day. Another analysis estimates that the amount of information available online doubles every two years. Looking at these numbers, it’s easy to see that having high quality content and a good strategy to reach your audience is essential. Making Your Content Stand Out in the Crowd While content saturation might make it more challenging to get results from your efforts, it definitely does not mean you should give up.Here are two strategies that can help you beat content shock: Persona-driven content A lot of content is fairly generic, written to reach the widest possible audience.The problem with this is that it ends up not being particularly useful to anyone.But you can avoid this pitfall by crafting content that’s based on targeted customer personas. Social media optimization (SMO) The idea of SMO has been around for quite some time, but it gained significant traction after the release of Google’s Hummingbird algorithm change.Since Hummingbird utilizes social sharing to help determine ranking, it is more important than ever to optimize your content for social media.SMO tactics can include: Adding social share buttons to your blog Asking for shares, likes or comments Using eye-catching images in your social media content Building relationships with influencers Content Marketing is Not Dead! Although the heyday of content marketing isn’t over, content shock has raised the bar for marketers. With more and more content being produced these days, the challenge of getting your audience’s attention is even harder. But, there are still powerful ways to stand out. Most importantly, make sure your content is as personalized as possible for your customers.

Reincarnation essays

Reincarnation essays One is floating down the river, the other is wandering aimlessly along the streets of New York. One has conflicts with the racism of the south, the other has trouble keeping the innocence of this world. One has a slave to keep him company, the other has his little sister. No matter how you look at it, Holden Caulfield and Huckleberry Finn have lead very similar lives and have dealt with similar issues. They each have conflicts within themselves while battling society on the outside. But most importantly, both of them have dealt with loneliness, wandering in this world, and the complexities of a deformed conscience. In Huck Finn, Huck has a very hard time dealing with loneliness, sometimes to the point of suicide. Hes never really had a family of his own. All Huck has ever had was an abusive alcoholic of a father or a widow foster mom who kept on trying to sivilize him. Also, when he is on the river, after escaping from Pap and his broken home, he feels incredibly alone. Just as Huck feels alone in this world, so does Holden Caulfield in The Catcher in the Rye. After leaving Pencey, Holden wanders through New York alone looking for some comfort, any comfort. He wants to know that there is still the slightest bit of innocence in the world around him. Holden wants to stop this depressing feeling in his head. I wasnt sleepy or anything, but I was feeling sort of lousy. Depressed and all. I almost wished I was dead (90). So in the same way Huck feels alone in an anti-black world, Holden feels alone in a very unclean world. In The Catcher in the Rye, Holden has a very deformed way of thinking. Although only 16 at the time of the story, he lies about his age to buy cigarettes and alcohol. He is also an abuser of both these drugs. Along with being an underage drinker and smoker, Holden puts himself in dangerous, compromising positions constantly. These dangerous adventures include prostitutes, a pros...

A short history of classical music essays

A short history of classical music essays Music is considered food for the soul. It is also considered as medicine for a depressing soul or a tensed mind. Music has its different forms suiting different moods e.g. classical music, hip hop, rock and roll, blues, jazz etc. Each of these music types has their own regional and cultural traditions. Classical music has its own noble history like the rest of the music types. Every culture and tradition has its own form of classical music that is played with the assistance of different instruments e.g. Indians, Chinese, Arabs and Europeans had their own traditions for classical music. Classical music is a broad, somewhat inexact term, referring to music produced, or rooted in the traditions of art, ecclesiastical and concert music. A music is classical if it includes some of the following features: a learned tradition, support from the church or government, or greater cultural capital. Classical music is also described as complex, lasting, transcendent, and abstract. The classical music, found in stores and performed regularly by symphonies around the world, spans a length of time from 1600 up to the present. This time frame includes the Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Romantic and Contemporary periods. The classical period of music actually spans a time from of 1750 to 1800. Some people consider classical music as Western Art Music because most of the major composers till the 20th century were European. Vivaldi was Italian, Bach was German, Mozart and Beethoven were Austrian; they were some of the more prominent composers. The instrumentations used for composition of Classical music include both large orchestras and small ensembles. The largest part of the orchestra was the string section consisting of violins, violas, cellos and string basses. These instruments were invented very early in medieval times but really matured into their present form during the late 18th century. The wind instruments, comprised of brass and woodw...

Labor Migration in Face of Global Economic Crisis Dissertation

Labor Migration in Face of Global Economic Crisis - Dissertation Example As the paper discusses while governments in different parts of the world have responded to these outcomes with a diverse and complex variety of solutions, none of the policy decisions has been so exclusively tailored to meet the threat of the impending economic crisis head on. Against this backdrop, it’s imperative to consider the various causes and consequences of these policy decisions and limitations thereof in the larger context of labour migration patterns from and into a geographical region. According to the report findings patterns of migration in the West Yorkshire region including Leeds show a degree of convergence with the global trends on migration. This is particularly so in the light of the unfolding global meltdown. The existing diversity of population structures in the region and the divergence from the national trends can be regarded as significant in view of the fact that the West Yorkshire County has become the fastest growing geographical entity within the UK in the past few years. In this backdrop a certain pattern of labour migration is visible and its underlying causes are all the more obvious. As much as there is an inflow from the rest of the country, there is an outflow from the region to both the rest of the country and the overseas. The latter trend inevitably illustrates the fact that labour emigration to the rest of the world from the UK in general and the West Yorkshire region in particular is rising rapidly due to the current global economic slow down. (www.thisiswesternmorningnews.co.uk). There has also been a series of both exogenous and endogenous factors contributing to these trends. For instance labour migration patterns in the West Yorkshire region including Leeds are characterized by a high rate of constant growth. In other words the degree of volatility seen in labour migration trends in some other regions of the country is not seen in West Yorkshire, though the absence of such fluctuations cannot be attributed to a particular set of endogenous variables. Neither does there exist a particularly recognizable set of exogenous factors -underlying the national pattern of labour migration in the UK. Therefore this literature review would focus attention on a number of interconnected causes to draw some highly relevant and important conclusions about the labour migration patterns in West Yorkshire and Leeds. The literature review has also identified the diverse and complex impact of

Employees contribution in customer satisfaction, customer retention Dissertation

Employees contribution in customer satisfaction, customer retention and customer loyalty in SME retail organization like SUPERVA - Dissertation Example The peripheral economies have not been able to restructure their economies and introduce reforms to enhance productivity and competitiveness of their economies. 1.1.2 The Irish Economy The Irish economy has been one of the most successful in the world but it has also been among the hardest hit during the economic recession (European Commission, 2012). Up to 2007 Ireland experienced strong economic growth and the living standards in Ireland caught up with the world standards. This occurred as more number of workers entered the labor market. Additionally, higher levels of education resulted in better productivity. EU being declared as a single market made Ireland an attractive destination for inward investments. Between 2002 and 2007 the economy experienced high growth rates but this was at the cost of the Irish households building up personal debts. The real estate sector surged forward to due to increase in bank lending. Due to this, the balance sheets of banks grew disproportionatel y large compared to the size of the economy. In addition to the deposit base, the introduction of the Euro encouraged short-term borrowing from overseas. Risky lending practices by the banks proved to be damaging for the economy and this was evident when the property bubble burst (European Commission, 2012). Because of these anomalies the Irish banks were vulnerable to the global recession in 2007. The collapse of Lehman Brothers, investment bankers of US, led to severe tension in the global financial markets which led to deposit outflows at the Irish banks. 1.1.3 SME Retail sector in Ireland The retail sector in Ireland comprises of over 20,000 food and non-food retailers, mostly SMEs, being both Irish and International in origin (IBEC, 2012). The retail sector employs over 240,000 employees. Retailing offers people career in their own locality. The retail SMEs have invested heavily in the sector in the last decade. As a result of recession, the retail market has shrunk by over one -fifth in the terms of value. The retailers were forced to reduce prices, which in turn impacts the overall profits. However, the operating costs have not been affected due to inflexible rents, hourly pay rates, local authority charges and property service charges. The shrinking of the retail market compelled the retailers to seek help from the government. To enhance consumer spending, focus on employees has been considered a valuable agenda. This is based on the recommendation of Irish Business & Employers Confederation in its election manifesto ‘Delivering the Jobs Agenda’ (IBEC, 2012). 1.2 Competitive advantage through people Human resources are now considered valuable assets as there has been a rise in the status of knowledge workers (Sheehan, 2005). Based on the resource-based view of the firm, human capital has become the source of competitive advantage as Koch and McGrath (1996) contend that a highly productive workforce possess attributes that make it a highly v aluable strategic asset. This has led to the recognition of and commitment to human capital development; this has also caused the shift from traditional personnel management to refined HR practices. Competitive advantage can also be gained by recruiting people from diverse backgrounds regardless of ethnicity, age, gender and other individual characteristics (D’Netto and Sohal, 1999). 1.3 Motivation for Research Retailing is intensely competitive in Ireland as anyone can open a store. This has brought in many new

Prewriting Exercise Essay Example for Free

Prewriting Exercise Essay STEP 2) Describe two controversies surrounding this topic The first controversy is with regard to the idea of a universal health care system for the United States as a solution to its current health care situation of having an increasing rate of uninsurance among its working populace. While there is considerable current literature that argue that government should be able to provide adequate health care for all of its citizens, the questions of prioritization and proper allocation of funding comes into play. Specific research would have to be found to quantify as well as qualify the problem of uninsurance so as to evaluate just how much government action ought to be necessary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second controversy is whether or not current government action in terms of federal funding for Medicare and Medicaid is sufficient to address the needs of Americans. This issue examines what both of the programs currently provide and how much each has actually helped the American public in facing health service issues. Again, factual research need to be complied in order to present a clear picture of how much these programs are helping so that a sound conclusion regarding whether they are helping enough can be reached. STEP 3) Describe which side of the argument you feel is right and why I believe that given the current health care needs of the American public, serious consideration of establishing a universal health are system should be deeply considered. I also believe that current measures are not enough. Of course, these are assertions that I’ve initially made based on personal experiences in my interactions with individuals seeking health care support from the government. Therefore, I would need to gather more solid, factual information to support my claims. I will need to explore the concept of a universal health care system better in terms of its application to other countries so that I can have a deeper perspective on what needs to be done. STEP 4) Formulate a working thesis sentence The development of a universal health care system is a positive step towards the solution of the American uninsurance problem.

Effects of Television on Our Society Essay -- Media TV Essays Impact

Effects of Television on Our Society INTRODUCTION Plato once, prophetically, posed a question that hints at the very core of this project. In philosophizing on the issue of entertainment and its various, sometimes questionable, sources he asked his fellow citizens to consider the following â€Å"Shall we just carelessly allow our children to hear casual tales which may be devised by casual persons, and to receive into their minds ideas for the most part the very opposite of those which we should wish them to have when they are grown up?† Shall we indeed? It is an ongoing debate. Plato obviously recognized the power stories have to shape who and what we are, and although some may be reluctant to admit to how much influence TV has on their character and behaviors, the evidence is difficult to refute. First we must all acknowledge that what we, as members of a society, choose to watch on TV affects us, as we are not simply passive receivers of the messages we encounter on our TV screens; television viewing is not simply a spectator sport. We may feel like mindless drones as we sink ever deeper into our couches and let ourselves be entertained by sitcoms, but when we finally pull ourselves up and off the couch, we do not simply leave the images and messages behind. They are now a part of us; all that we have seen and heard becomes a part of our memories and shapes our perceptions of reality, to what extent is arguable. We are constantly interpreting what we see and hear, even subconsciously, and the sitcoms that have steadily infiltrated our daily lives contribute to a shared version of reality. A culture is based upon these shared meanings, and provides us with a lens for understanding the world we live in. It is ou... ... http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~taflinge/comcrit.html (accessed September 27, 2002) 17.The Cosby Show (2002) The Cosby Show Changes the Way Blacks are Viewed. September 2002. Available Online: http://www.engl.virginia.edu/~enwr1016/public_html/amc2d/cosby.html (accessed September 27, 2002) 18.The Globe and Mail (2001). The Sad, Cruel World of The Simpsons. Available online: http://www.snpp.com/other/articles/sadcruel.html (accessed September 25, 2002) 19.Violence on Television. Available Online: http://www.apa.org/pubinfo/violence.html(accessed October 31, 2002) 20.Violence Prevention. Available Online: http://www.violence- prevention.com/violenceAndTV.asp (accessed October 30, 2002) 21.Tucker, Ken. The Bernie Mac Show. Available Online: http://www.ew.com/ew/article/ review/tv/0,6115,183488~3~0~berniemacshow,00.html (accessed November 8, 2002)

Global effects Essay

Easier to communicate throughout the boundaries Easier to travel Cultural interchange International Trade Better and cheaper products Improvement of new technologies The cheaper products increases the purchase power The transport of the products is easier and faster Globalization creates a political and an economical union, which facilitates the agreement between the countries Delocalization creates unemployment in developed countries Non-controlled circulation of money (free market)Â  no ethics. The businessmen and the big companies are the only winners in globalization Exploitation of the workers in the developing countries incl. children Money problems can easily be spread The mix of cultures can lead to racism, xenophobia, intolerance and loss of national identity Small companies have to go out of business because they cant compete with the multinationals As a result the gap between the poor and the rich people increases 2 In which world you will live in 15 years Our motto Join our forces in the European Union! Positive opinions No more borders. We can pass freely Cheaper, faster and easier transport. The communication there will be faster and cheaper too People will know more about others their languages, culture and habits Thanks to European Parliament guaranteed common laws and human rights for each country Europe will have created their common social system with common guaranteed minimal wage, so that we can mitigate a part of the injustice created the different live standards in every european country Negative opinions There will be more discriminations, because the mix of cultures will increase and people are afraid of what they dont know Every country could lose own cultural identity, habits and traditions Our future depends on us and on our politicians. Without the support of the politicians we cant create a positive future. 3 GLOBALIZATION What can we do as citizens to make the world a better place DAILY BEHAVIOR POLITICAL ACTIONS Making sure people get informed also in alternative ways and taking this information critical The EU have to make sure there are clean water supplies for everybody The EU can try to donate not only money, but also tools which should be directly given to the countries in need Improve education Reduce emission of co2 Promote integration of immigrants Buy guaranteed organic products Try to buy fair trade products whenever possible Recycle everything possible Use cleaner fuels Help the third world as much as possible Dont hesitate to take every opportunity possible to meet new people from different cultures Dont overuse natural resources 4 The role of the EU and globalization Strong countries have to help weak countries. The EU should counter-balance the USA and other emerging global powers The EU has a big responsibility being a model to other countries. The EU has to promote cultural equality, but preserving our identity. The EU can promote our intercultural exchanges. The union makes the force. The EU must globalize Human Rights. The EU must preserve the peace. The EU has to protect the jobs of the EU citizens. The EU must control pollution made by big companies 1. International Business Globalization By Mukesh Mishra Kathmandu, Nepal 2. Topics for the discussion Introduction Agent/Facilitator of Globalization Positive effects of Globalization Negative effects of Globalization 3. Globalizaion Integration of National economies with international Economy. The closer integration of the economies of the world as a result of the reduction of transportation and communication costs and the reduction of manmade barriers to the movements of goods, services and capital throughout the world. Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy. 4. Globalizaion Globalization of Market refers to the merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace. Falling barriers to cross- border trade have made it easier to sell internationally. Globalization of production refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production (such as labor, energy, land and capital ) 5. Globalization Advocates of Globalization see not only the increases in incomes but also the spread of democratic values. Opponents of the globalization worry not just about the loss of jobs but about loss of local culture. 6. Agent/Facilitator of Globalization World Trade Organization (WTO) Rule based international Organization deals with free and fair trade among member nations. Currently, there are 153 members in WTO Established in 1995, successor of General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) GATT was formed in 1947. 7. Agent/Facilitator of Globalization United Nations (UN)- Although the UN is perhaps best known for its peacekeeping role, one of the organization’s central mandates is the promotion of higher standards of living, full employment, and conditions of economic and social progress and development all issues that are central to the creation of a vibrant global economy. Agent/Facilitator of Globalization World Bank World Bank is taken as a lending institution, development agency, think tank, forum for international governmental politics and economic diplomacy. Formed in 1944 as International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). From 1970’s bank started the process called ‘Structural Adjustment’ program, under which infrastructure, telecommunications and some social services are privatized, labour, the civil service and judiciary are revamped. Other facets are lowering deficits and tariff barrier, opening the economy to short term capital flows. In return IMF and World Bank provides assistance to the economies. It offers highly leveraged loan to poor countries. 9. Agent/Facilitator of Globalization International Monetary fund (IMF) Its an organization that oversees the global financial system by following the macroeconomic policies of its member countries, in particular those with an impact on exchange rates and the balance of payments. Designer of Structural Adjustment Program. IMF is often seen as the lender of last resort to nation state whose economies are in turmoil and currencies are losing value against those of other nations 10. Agent/Facilitator of Globalization Regional Economic Integration Free Trade Area (FTA)- A free trade area occurs when a group of countries agree to eliminate tariffs between themselves but maintain their own external tariff on imports from the rest of the world. The north American free trade area (NAFTA), South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) are FTA’s. A regional Economic integration agreement is the next step to Regional Economic Agreement (RTA), it can include the free movement of capital as well as goods and services, a common currency and a common economic policy. European Union. 11. Effects of Globalization Industrial- Movement of material and goods between and within national boundaries. International Trade in manufactured goods increased more than 100 times (from $95 billion to $12 trillion) in the 50 years since 1955. Financial- It is the world where $1. 2 billion in foreign exchange transactions are made everyday. Current economic crisis is the example of financial integration Economic- Four Indians were among the world’s top 10 richest in 2008, worth a combined $160 billion. In 2007, China had 415,000 millionaires and India 123,000. 300 million Indians lifted up from poverty during 1991 to 2008. On the global scale, health becomes a commodity. In developing nations under the demands of Structural Adjustment Programs, health systems are fragmented and privatized Political- China and India are emerging as a political power. Their rapid economic growth provided them space in global arena. The most popular language is Mandarin (845 million speakers) followed by Spanish (329 million speakers) and English (328 million speakers). About 35% of the world’s mail, telexes, and cables are in English. Approximately 40% of the world’s radio programs are in English. About 50% of all Internet traffic uses English. 13. Effects of Globalization WHO estimates that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any one time, in 2008. The IOM estimates there are more than 200 million migrants around the world today. Newly available data show that remittance flows to developing countries reached $328 billion in 2008. Around 2. 5 millions people are working abroad. Remittance inflow per year is around 209 bn. 14. Effects of Globalization Farmers are loosing market due to cheaper (subsidized) products coming from outside, mainly in developing nations Globalization has led to exploitation of labor. Prisoners and child workers are used to work in inhumane conditions. Job insecurity, Increased job competition has led to reduction in wages and consequently lower standards of living. 15. Effects of Globalization Companies have set up industries causing pollution in countries with poor regulation of pollution The benefits of globalization is not universal. The rich are getting richer and the poor are becoming poorer. 20 percent of rich people utilizing 80 percent of resources. 16. Effects of Globalization Poorer countries suffering disadvantages : The main export of poorer countries is usually agricultural goods. Larger countries often subsidies their farmers (like the EU Common Agricultural Policy), which lowers the market price for the poor farmer’s crops compared to what it would be under free trade.

Book Review Essay Essay

The three books I read in the holidays personally affected me in more than one way, not only inspiring me to achieve my goals, grow in character, overcome difficulties and become more spiritual. The Monk Who Sold His Ferrari by Robin Sharma is a book which truly inspired me to stretch my imagination, dream further and to achieve my full potential. In his books he says, â€Å"The path to success is the hardest at the beginning, messiest in the middle and best at the end. † This one sentence is so true and ultimately defines reality. This has shown me how important is to strive towards your goals and that although we all encounter challenging situations in life, if we face them head on and grab the bull by the horns we end up reaping the rewards. Personally this has motivated me to work my hardest in my matric year and to work towards improving my marks, studying harder and doing the best I possibly can. One of the most important aspects the book taught was how vital it is to create a balance in life, which means in order for me to succeed in matric I have to balance my sports, my work and my social life in order to create equilibrium. Not only to live a life of purpose, but to have a full appreciation of each moment daily. The Perks Of Being A Wallflower by Stephen Chbosky was a different book to the others I read as the book almost pulled you into the story and you felt as if you were the main character and you shared all the same experiences. Chbosky showed me how important it is to spend time with your family and fellow peers and to embrace every minute you get to spend with them as well as dealing with situations which are not always ideal. One of the sentences in the book that stood out for me which was, â€Å"Even if we don’t have the power to choose where we come from, we can still choose where we go from there and achieve the impossible. † This taught me even if I make decisions or choices which didn’t work out, there remains hope for the future and I must focus on the present and not look back on the past. The main character was Charlie who was similar to me at the beginning of high school, like him I struggled to make friends in the beginning but as the year progressed I ended up with a few, close true friends. In the book he asked his L. O teacher for some advice and why it’s so hard to find real friends, and he replied, â€Å"We accept the love we think we deserve. † And this showed me how true it is to reality. We socialize with people who accept us for who we are, that help us grow and help teach us valuable life lessons Personally this prepared me mentally for the year ahead that even if I don’t achieve the result I hope for, I will move on as the future is the world of un-seen opportunity and surprises. A Survival Guide For Life by Bear Grylls affected me by making me take a look at everyday life and situations and how to approach them differently, as well how important it is to work and get along with others. This book taught me how important preparation is as this is one of most important keys to success, especially as organisation and preparation are extremely vital in matric. Grylls also illustrated to me how I must learn to work together and how team-work can make your life a whole lot easier. I learnt how important is to persist no matter how long it takes to achieve my vision. He inspired me to be a stronger leader and to live life more on the edge and that my dreams are reachable and mustn’t let anybody tell me differently. Each of the books I read had a different message for me and gave me insight into various aspects of life from the most simple things from making my life easier, to never giving up and striving to attain my goals, but the most important lesson I took away from the books was there are endless opportunities in the world and to never stop dreaming.

Leadership Theory Matrix Essays - Leadership, Social Psychology

Leadership Theory Matrix Essays - Leadership, Social Psychology University of Phoenix Material Leadership Theory Matrix Complete the Leadership Theory Matrix by providing a detailed description and an example or examples. See the Example provided in the first row. Note. Answers shown in red are provided for example purposes only. Theory FocusTheory DescriptionExample(s) Heroic or charismatic leaders. Great man theories. The capacity for leadership is inherent. These theories held the underlying concept that great leaders are born, not made (Northouse, 2014)Based on the study of people who were great leaders in history focused on identifying innate qualities and characteristics possessed by great social, political, and military leaders (Northouse, p 19) and making assumptions about all based on a few. Personality characteristics otherwise known as trait theories Personality Characteristics or trait theories is known as personal tendencies when a manager works with their staff. While everyones personality is different, these tendencies are viewed and tested when the manager is applying for a jobThis is the type of person they have grown to be. A personality characteristic could ne determined by a work place test to show which department they would work best in. A good example would be using many staff with similar personalities will generally show better production rates. Focuses on skills and abilities that can be learned and developed skills approachThe Skills approach is when a manager uses their developed skills to achieve a goalThese are the abilities that were learned over the years from one or multiple jobs. Example for this is a manager works in three different companies performing the same duties. From the first to the third, they will learn the same skills and practice until they perfect their skill style. Emphasis is the behavior of the leader, known as style approachThe Style approach is the behavior (task or relationship) that leaders use to provide action towards its staff.Each manager or leader will have their own style. One manager may use theMy way or the highway approach in managing their staff while another will use the gentle its ok way of managing that allows staff to be more productive. Focuses on leadership in situations or situational leadership theorie. With the Situational leadership roles, managers find themselves changing their managing traits to coinside with the issue or situation at the specific moment.There are times when a manager will need to act fast when a situation arises. Each manager who uses this method will change their style or trait to match the change in evenironment in their work place Leadermatch theories look at how well the leaders style fits the context known as Contingency theoryContingency theory provides the framework for what identifies the situation and what leader would be best for it.The contingency theory is built around the framework of having that specific backup plan for a situation gone wrong. When a staff member causes havoc on the customers file, this brings their business to a screeching hault. The manager will need to go to plan b as an alternative direction to fix the situation. References Northouse, P.G (2013). Leadership Theory & Practice (6th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

What Is Federal Work Study How Does It Work

What Is Federal Work Study How Does It Work SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You’ve been accepted into your dream college! Congratulations! Now comes an entirely new challenge: figuring out how to pay for your education. College is expensive and becoming more so every year. If you don’t have a small fortune to fall back on (and most students don’t), you’ll need to put together a financial aid package that covers your tuition, room board, and other expenses. One common financial aid program is work study. In this article, we’ll answer the question â€Å"What is work study?† and discuss who qualifies for it, how much money you can earn, and whether or not you should take a work study job. What Is Work Study? The Federal Work Study Program is a federally-funded program in the US that helps students pay for college. Through work study, part and full time students enrolled in US colleges and universities can get part-time jobs to earn money. So, what is work study? Here’s the 411: Federal work study provides part-time employment while you’re studying. It’s available to undergraduate, graduate, and professional students with financial need. It’s available to full-time or part-time students. The program emphasizes providing jobs that relate to civic engagement (so, helping your community) or your course of study. There are both on and off campus work study jobs. If you work on campus, you’ll likely work for your school (think, manning the library help desk). If you work off campus, you’ll be working with a non-profit organization or public agency (remember, the jobs are often related to civic engagement). Some schools have partnerships with private, for-profit companies, but you can only snag one of these jobs if there’s a demonstrated link to your major or degree. Am I Eligible for Federal Work Study? Not everyone is eligible for work study. To see if you qualify, you first need to fill out a FAFSA Form (Free Application for Federal Student Aid). On your FAFSA form, you’ll give information about you and your family’s income, assets, and demographics (like household size, home location, and more). The FAFSA’s used to calculate something called expected family contribution, or EFC. Your expected family contribution is what your family is anticipated to provide towards your college expenses. If your family’s EFC is lower than the cost of attending college, you may receive a financial aid package from your college or university. However, it’s not guaranteed how much aid you’ll get or even if you’ll get it. Some colleges and universities award aid on a first-come, first-served basis, so it’s important to get your FAFSA in early. There’s also no official cutoff for receiving aid, so it doesn’t hurt to send in a FAFSA even if you think you won’t qualify for a package. If you do receive a financial aid package, you may see work study as part of your deal. In short, here are the three things you need to do to qualify for work study: Fill out a FAFSA application. Attend a college or university that participates in the Federal Work Study program. Demonstrate financial need. If you qualify for work study, you may end up with a job in the library or other on campus institution. How Does Federal Work Study Work? If you’re awarded a federal work study job, you may be wondering â€Å"How does federal work study work?† Here’s what you need to know: #1: You Can Work On or Off Campus Most schools have both on and off campus jobs available to work study students. Which job you’ll get depends on the availabilities at your school and your course of study. If you work on campus, you’ll be helping your school in some way. You may work at the library or as a laboratory assistant. If you work off campus, you’ll likely work with a non-profit organization or public agency. You may be able to work at a private, for profit company, but only if you can demonstrate that the job has a link to your major. #2: You'll Make at Least Minimum Wage Wondering how much money you’ll make with work study? The good news is you’ll make at least minimum wage. The even better news is that you may make more than that - it all depends on your position and your school. Your package will detail how much money you can earn from work study. That doesn’t mean you’re guaranteed to receive that money - you’ll need to do your job to earn it. If your work study award is $2,600, for instance, you’ll be able to work until you’ve earned $2,600. This is helpful for budgeting, because you’ll know how much money to expect, but doesn’t allow you the freedom to earn more money if you need it. #3: Your Money Will Be Deposited in Your Account The money you make from your work study job goes straight to you, not your school. You can use your money for anything you want, like food or supplies. You get to control what you do with the money - it’s not sent directly to your college to pay for tuition or anything else. #4: You’re Not Guaranteed the Same Job Year After Year You’re not guaranteed the same work study job year after year. You’re not even guaranteed to get a work study job every year. You’ll need to reapply with a FAFSA form every single year in order to renew your work study. Should I Get a Work Study Job? Work study jobs are a great way to earn extra money to pay for room, board, food, and other supplies that’ll help you get through college. However, it’s important to remember that a work study job is just that - a job. You’ll need to show up on time to your shifts and perform different tasks. A work study job will cut down on your availability to study and focus on your schoolwork. Do you have enough time for that? Will you be able to do your work study without letting your grades suffer? Getting a work study job isn’t like getting free money - you need to earn it. When deciding whether or not to take your work study job, consider what your availability and workload are like. If you have a tough semester coming up, you might not want to put any other pressure on yourself. If you pursue a job off-campus, your employer might not be as understanding of your need to study. Work Study Jobs vs Regular Jobs If you need to work during college, you may be wondering, â€Å"Should I try for a work study job or a non-work study job?† There are pros and cons for each. Work study jobs are offered through your college or university. Work study employers are more likely to be respectful of your school schedule. Likewise, you may be able to more easily get a job related to your field of study, which will help bolster your application to other jobs after you graduate. Unfortunately, work study jobs are limited - you won’t be able to earn more than the money allotted in your package. If you aren’t making enough to cover your expenses, you may still need to supplement your income in other ways. Non-work study jobs offer endless ranges for income. You may be able to earn significantly more money in a non-work study job. However, you’ll have to apply for these jobs yourself, without the assistance of your school. Your boss might not be as understanding of your course load and the work may not be related to what you want to do. Ultimately, you need to take a hard look at the options presented to you in your work study offer and see if you’re able to make the money work for your needs. What’s Next? Application fees are the first hurdle you'll have to overcome when paying for college. Take a look at this list of colleges that don't charge any application fees to see whether you might be able to save some money in the application process. Are you worried about standardized tests and their role in your college application? Read this article to find out when these tests might not matter for you.Also take a look at this list of colleges that don't require SAT scores. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in.

Discussion Question Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Discussion Question - Coursework Example The recording is done at lower of the production costs, purchasing cost of the value of the market of the organization’s inventory. The assertion that lower cost method is a form or example of the principle of conservatism means that the method is a form or an approach of risk averse. The method uses two boundaries which enable the investors to identify the cost and profit attained in the inventory. The method enables the investors to trace the loss or the item which brings about loss in the inventory (Maynard 32). The service life of an asset is defined as the period of time in which an asset remains in use or is able to be used for the process of production. The asset may have different owners during the service life. In estimating the service life of an asset and activity based depression an organization can use different estimates like, industry practices, judgmental estimate, engineering estimates, statistical methods and past experience. Depreciation expenses is declared and calculated each year using accounting methods. The expenses lowers the balance sheet value, creates a tax saving and lowers the reported income of an organization. After the end of depression life, the asset is regarded to be fully expensed or fully depreciated (Maynard

Patience is a virtue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Patience is a virtue - Essay Example In some cases, people might think that such people are a burden to the rest of the group. However, when given time to cope and learn, they become an integral part of the group. As a result, the statement can be applied in this case to enlighten the other members that it’s important to be patient in order to accommodate others. Many people are quick to make conclusions (MacIntyre 2013). As a result, they miss the main point which and are likely to make mistakes. However, if they took more time to meditate and listen to others, they could have been able to make the right decision. The statements can be used to inform such people on the need to uphold patience in order to avoid such incidences. Many of the organizations fail to achieve their objectives because the managers want to make quick profits. However, an organization needs to familiarize itself with the customers. This takes time and resources. These statements can be applied in this to inform the managers on the need to be patient in order to achieve long-term

Austens Growing Feminism in Emma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Austens Growing Feminism in Emma - Essay Example Rarely was it possible to attain both and often it was found, too late, that it was possible to attain neither. Even in the very early 1800s, though, many of these ideas were beginning to surface in the literature produced. Writers such as Jane Austen emerged as proto-feminists, planting the seeds of a new day while still remaining ‘acceptable’ to the old. This careful blending of feminist ideals with traditional behaviors can be found in such novels as Emma, in which critics have found support both for the traditional role of women as well as encouragement for a new way of thinking about women. Women’s lives were often strictly contained within rigidly defined terms. Women who formed the upper class enjoyed ample time for leisure activities in their lifestyles and once a woman married, her role was to simply to manage the home and the household. Though the life of the upper class woman might seem easier and more secure than that of a lower class woman, this was not always the case. Land, titles, and money were inherited by the closest male relative – typically the older son, but if there was no older son then it would go to a more distant relation. Only the small amount of money set aside as a woman’s marriage dowry went to an unmarried woman after the death of her father. In addition, many women were married nominally against their will in arranged marriages, by the Victorian age positioning the woman herself as commodity (Levine-Clark, 1991). As a result, many mothers and daughters were left extremely poor after the death of their husband and fathers. At the same time, the activities they were permitted to take part in remained relatively sedate and home-bound.

Factors That Affects the Preference of Online Games Essay Example for Free

Factors That Affects the Preference of Online Games Essay Online gaming can refer to any type of game that someone can play through the Internet or over a computer network. Most of the time, online gaming refers to video games played over the Internet, where multiple players are in different locations across the world. Players also can compete in massively multiplayer games, where dozens of players play an ongoing game in a virtual world. Often times, participants can communicate with other gamers through text chat sessions during online gaming or, sometimes, players can actually speak to other players, using special audio hardware. Online Games are now one of the most popular and fast growing part of the internet based industries. These computer games can be played be many people together in a network like the Internet or any office network. With the growing availability of the World Wide Web, these games have become one of the best ways to relief stress after a busy day. Today, there are many websites that allow people to play online games. Playing online games has many advantages. Users can play multiplayer online games with their friends. Children find multiplayer games more thrilling and entertaining as they compete against their friends. Online games offer a range of entertainment options for people. Online games are an excellent way to escape the â€Å"real world for a while and enter the virtual domain. In addition to providing entertainment, these games help us to be mentally strong. These games are liked by people of different ages, especially as they could be played in the comfort of their homes. The games are quite thrilling as they provide incredible features as well as a user friendly ambiance. These games also build team efforts and team spirits. A bond of togetherness is developed through these games. To cap it all, these games help one to interact and exchange ideas with others while paying multi-player games. The industry of computer games is continuously developing its techniques and strategies in order to make more and more appealing games. However, each company that produces video games is specialized in a certain type of games that address to a certain age group. For this reason, the variety of the existing games and of the games to be created is very notable and we should take it into consideration whenever we speak of this domain

Boy Talk :: Example Personal Narratives

Boy Talk We keep tally marks (with parenthetical comments) in my little black book. When we score, we call them glory points. We conceived the idea on a Friday night of meandering around coffee shops, discussing the book Catcher in the Rye. I convinced my friend Michael that Catcher in the Rye satires pathetically alienated teens and mocks the protagonist as much as anyone else - and thus bore our tradition. We score glory points by convincing the other that he is wrong; my little black book is the memo pad I use for keeping phone numbers, homework assignments, other assorted notes, and of course, glory points. At the moment, I am beating Michael five to four in the "glory game." Michael actually gave me the book "Catcher in the Rye" to read somewhere near the end of my freshman year, at the time when I had very few friends because I had just changed schools. He, also being an alienated youth, began to talk to me about phonies and other Holden Caufieldesque things. To this day, he brags about how he drove me into a "three month depression." From the philosophy of Holden Caufield, we have since progressed to arguing philosophy and politics. Prior to discussing phonies, Michael and I had never gotten far beyond the surface-levels of conversation. That kind of relationship wasn't unusual for me - virtually every relationship I had was as shallow as a kiddie pool. In fact, discussing phonies was a breakthrough for me, if only because we exchanged some semblance of ideas about personal psychology. Michael and I thoroughly agreed: "Everybody in the world is a phony - except me." (We never did figure our if the "everybody" included the other person.) During the summer between my freshman and sophomore years, I began to miss people - no one person in particular, just those mystical creatures that I missed walking down the street while I spent three or four days inside reading and watching television. I made something of a commitment to myself to actually befriend more than the handful of people I talked to over that summer. I committed myself to making close friends whom I could talk to about personal problems. Friends, ironically, like Michael. Michael and I moved to this topic near the end of that summer, at a time when he was in the process of switching to a private high school from our old, public high school.

Airborne Case Study Essay

Q1. How and why has the express mail industry structure evolved in recent years? How have the changes affected small competitors? The Express mail industry in the United States had a volume of $16-17 billion on expedited shipments in the year 1996. In the years before shipment volumes has risen 15-20% per year. However due to higher competition prices have fallen which resulted in a rise of only 10-15% in total revenues. As an example of this stands the revenue and the operating margin of the biggest player that make up 45% of the market. Federal Express’ revenue has more than quadrupled in the ten years prior 1996, however its operating margin has more than halved. (Exhibit 2) The increase in shipments is partly due to lower prices, which makes it more attractive for businesses to use shipments more frequently and reduce stocks and inventory to compete on the basis of time to market. Also the price sensitive businesses of catalogue retailers required urgent shipment. In order to cope with the quickly growing numbers of packages (1997 Federal Express delivered 2. million packages a day), the companies started using their own airplanes rather than using commercial airlines to do the job for them. Processes have become highly automated, starting with hand-held computers that give each parcel its own barcode to track it at each stage of its journey. The information is then passed on to central computers that allow customers to follow its deliveries online. Hub facilities are ever growing now being able to sort up to 300,000 packages per hour (UBS hub). Due to high automatization and low margins in the industry it becomes increasingly difficult for second-tier players to survive in the market. Since 85% of the market are in the hand of the three major players; Federal Express, United Parcel Service and Airborne Express, the six second tier players had to find their niche in the market. DHL specified on the international market. The company is responsible for 40% of all trans-border express shipments in America, which makes up to 80% of DHL’s shipments. DHL is also the specialist for services that include fast shipments to the far and hard to reach corners of the world, with hubs situated in Nairobi and Bahrain. TNT’s focus lies on international markets as well, however focuses its efforts on Europe. Another second tier player is BAX Global who specialized in business-to-business heavy cargo. Earlier BAX Global was focused on the market for overnight letters, which resulted in large losses, till the strategy was shifted towards heavy cargo. The company RPS does not offer overnight delivery but focuses on two-day delivery and a cheap group network with a sophisticated information technology, targeting price-sensitive business customers. Q2.  How has Airborne survived, and recently prospered, in express mail industry? In the fife years prior 1997 Airborne Express has grown faster than its two bigger rivals, giving it about 16% of domestic express mail market share in 1997. Airborne has achieved this by a couple of measures that allowed it to keep its costs down and guaranteed Airborne Express success in its niche. One of the key decisions of Airborne Express was to target regularly shipping business customers and purposely passing over residential deliveries and infrequent shippers. Ray Berry, vice president of Field Services Administration, commented this selection of customers: â€Å" Since we can’t be all things to all people, we pick our kind of customer deliberately. † And it has payed off; 1997 Airborne delivered 900,000 packages and documents each day. As a major hub for this serves an airbase in Wilmington, Ohio. In contrast to its competitors Airborne Express owns the airport, which brings some advantages. For example leases Airborne Express warehouse space on the airport to businesses, allowing them to ship merchandize the next day even if orders come in as late as 2AM. Another key factor for low costs is that Airborne Express relies less on automation and more on its human workforce than its competitors; hiring low part-time employees with wages of $7 per hours. Airborne Express’ air fleet distinguishes itself also from the competition. By primarily buying used aircrafts costs are held down. Also the aircrafts are on average 80% loaded; compared to 60% for Federal Express. Furthermore Airborne Express tries to avoid using airplanes whenever possible, resulting in 30% of non-air deliveries compared to 15% non-air deliveries at Federal Express. Since the cost of non-air deliveries is estimated to be only 1/3 of the cost of air deliveries, this depicts how well Airborne Express is able to save money. Another cost reducing factor are independent contractors hired for parcel pick up or delivery that save around 10% of costs compared to company employees. Airborne Express Marketing and Sales team does not invest in costly wide span advertising campaigns, but rather invest in advertising targeting logistic managers of major shippers. Known for its low prices it tries to gain customers, large businesses, with a 500-person sales force and the promise to tailor the services needed for its customers with solution-oriented approaches. Last but not least Airborne Express started to forge a relationship with RPS, an expert for cheap ground deliveries, trying to gain synergies and being able to offer integrated solutions on a case-by-case basis for customers. Q3. What would you recommend Robert Brazier, Airborne’s President and COO, to do in order to strengthen the company’s position?  As the world moves closer together and quick logistics and transportation are getting more and more important, the global express mail market is still growing. In order to secure growth and market share we would advise Airborne Express to push forward the relationship with RPS, maybe consider a merger, to fully gain the synergies. Also it is of key importance to strengthen the position in the market by gaining new customers, providing them with worldwide â€Å"flexible, solution-oriented express† services in the B2B area. This could be achieved by gradually increasing international activities on a customer case-to-case basis.

Critical Analysis of Traditional and Agile Project Management Essay

INTRODUCTION Project is an effort taken to build something unique within a specific period. (PMBOK, 2004: 20). This means that a project has a starting and an ending which has to be completed within the specified time. For a project to be completed within time limit and with little or no flaws, a plan has to be put in place so as to get a desired result. Project planning is the determination of the progress of a project to be carried out in a serial manner. (Successful Project Management, 2011: 57). Project planning is very essential in managing a project and will be discussed in detail specifically in traditional and agile project management which is the two major project management approaches. Critical analysis of these two approaches in respect to project planning will be given. That is treating the necessary processes in planning a project. Tools, techniques, and project lifecycle models used in project management will be explored. See more: how to write an analysis OVERVIEW Traditional project management TPM is a set of technique and tools that can be applied to an activity that seeks an end product, outcomes or service. This is a well taught out planning process which has a very strict control method that makes distinguishable stages in a project life cycle (hass, 2007). Requirement such as scope, cost and time are determined upfront, followed plans are also well laid out and once laid out, it cannot be modified. Due to this, life cycles are easily recognizable. Task are completed one after another once completed, it cannot be revisited. In TPM, a lot of importance is attached  to documentation of business needs thereby stakeholders needs are already known (Leybourne, 2009). TPM is based on the fact that situations surrounding project and activities are predictable and manageable (Hass 2007, Yusuf et al 1999). TPM views each project level as a separate process whose outcome or completion has an effect on how and when subsequent levels begin (caddle and Yeates 2008; Thonsett 2012). According to Larman (2004), a well thought out rule on project team members’ responsibilities are determined at the planning phase. This makes team members accountable for the project which ensures control (Saladis and Kezner, 2009). Examples of traditional models are: 1. PRINCE2 2. Waterfall 3. Event chain 4. CA-PPM. Agile project management APM is all about incremental iteration, adaptability, agility and collaboration (Scuh, 2005; Larman, 2004). It takes individual and iteration contribution over process and tools. It lays emphasis on short cycles of structure which happen at different levels and also emphasis on feedback (Hass, 2007). All plans are revisited to get certainty of delivery. APM sees the project as product increment. Due to its lack of structure, it requires a considerable amount of discipline and coordination. APM allows project scope to change rapidly and frequently which is done by constant communication with project stakeholders. APM teams consist of skilled members fully dedicated to the project and are co-located (Hass, 2007; Wysocki). The whole idea of what APM is all about is based on the agile manifesto. It was put forward by Martin Fowler and Jim Highsmith (wysocki,). Its content are given below: â€Å"We are uncovering better ways of developing software by doing it and helping others do it. Through this work we have come to value: Individuals and interactions over processes and tools Working software over comprehensive documentation Customer collaboration over contract negotiation Responding to change over following a plan That is, while there is value in the items on the right, we value the items  on the left more.† Types of agile project management approaches are as follows: 1. Agile Unified Process (AUP) 2. Scrum 3. Lean Software Development 4. Extreme Programming (XP) 5. Dynamic Systems Development Method 6. Feature Driven Development Scope Planning Scope planning is a process that describes and documents the boundaries of a project and project expectation. TPM is a rigid approach that gives no room to change once the scope plan has been created. Plans are made to prevent change in project scope. It focuses on developing all parts of the scope first. Documentation is very detailed trying to encompass the whole requirement. The project scope statement consists of the objective and boundaries of the project and also product specification. Work breakdown structure is then created. In TPM, steps are taken that the team sticks to the scope of the project. Scope planning in APM is a high-level activity because little is known of the solution. Change is a key part of APM, making the scope very flexible. The scope is constantly redefined due to the series of iterations. Ideas could be added at stage of the project. Documentations is present but not as detailed as in TPM. APM focuses on developing the most important part of the scope first and then proceed to the next. Human Resource Planning In TPM, team is usually large in number and consists of various levels of skilled members. The teams are very organized. The teams don’t make decisions on their own without the approval of senior managers. APM team members are proficient and are highly skilled, they are collocated in order to handle changes in project scope and also performance, communication and more so, interrelation. APM consists of small team, members are mostly between five and nine, and they also are highly productive. Agile teams are self-organizing and disciplined (Hewson, 2006). Agile teams are basically  independent. Risk Planning TPM assumes that there will be risk in the project. This is put into consideration at the planning of the project and measures are put in place to handle it. Projects in APM are volatile and very unstable because the solutions are not known. Every iteration cycle comes with its own risks. These risks are expected and are handled sequentially when it arises during project (Owen et al, 2006). Proponents of agile approach argue that dealing with real risk is better than preparing for unknown risk (Schuh, 2005). Quality Quality in agile is often determined by the regular feedback and acknowledgement of the customer’s view of the quality of the product. Time planning: In traditional approach, time estimation is dependent on the amount of tasks to be executed. Time estimation is done right after the WBS is created. Effort is made in other to complete the project within the required time (Hass, 2007). In agile approach, time estimation is based on features. The numbers of features to be developed determine the amount of time that will be used. Scheduling and workflow are also closely aligned. Management style: In TPM, the project manager is responsible solely for the planning and allocation of responsibilities (Kerzner, 2003). Traditional project managers focus more on the schedule, scope and budget (Fernandez and Fernandez, 2009). In APM, the project manager works in collaboration with the team (Hass, 2007). Agile managers focus more on the business value and deliverables (Fernandez and Fernandez, 2009). Cost management: Agile projects should be based on either a cost-reimbursable system, or the client accepts scope is a variable based on achieving the maximum improvement possible for a pre-set budget. This is a totally different philosophy to traditional project governance. Tools, Technique, models, and Project Lifecycle Models There are numerous tool and technique that can be utilized in the course of planning a project which include: Gantt chart is a graphical representation for scheduling the execution of various project activities. It can be used to make an approximation of time required to complete the  project. Brainstorming involves the assembling of idea by a group of people in order to solve problem and to arrive at a conclusion. It is essential in development of new ideas. Work breakdown structure (WBS) is the breaking down of project into smaller more manageable pieces in a hierarchical order. Each level in WBS is a smaller piece of the level above. Fishbone diagram is also known as cause-and-effect diagram. It is used to check the cause of a specific event. They also help during the collating and analyzing factors phase of project planning. Critical Path Method involves dealing with activities that has to be completed in order for other activities to be completed. It helps in the sequencing and correlating of interdependent processes. PERT Chart is a representation that shows the task to be performed serially in a graphical form. It helps to focus more on the most critical part of the project in order to reduce constriction. Project Charter is a document that formally authorizes a project statement. It contains project justification, business needs and so on. . (PMBOK, 2004) Scope Statement ensures that only the required work is done. That is work is not done out of scope of the project. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) WBS is a deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of the work to be done by the project team, to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables. WBS is a tool which focuses on how a project work should be done. It breaks down the work to be done into smaller sections that can be managed by the project team, each section give details of the project work as such giving team understanding of what do(Biafore, 2011). WBS can be depicted as an outline or a diagram (Biafore, 2011). The number of levels present in a WBS should be reasonable as this is determined by how voluminous and complex the project is. WBS helps in d identification of task, brings to light what d project entails and a lot of other tools depend on WBS. It also allows stakeholders have an understanding of the scope of the project (Biafore, 2011). PERT Chart (Project Evaluation and Review Technique) It is visual illustration of a project plan task. It document important or critical phases of a project. It helps to identify critical processes and  the time that the process will end. It can also help in the documentation of a project. It helps in the organizing and scheduling of interrelated tasks in a complex project (Chinneck, 2009). It does this by using a network description to show parallel relationships between tasks (Chinneck, 2009). It helps in the completion of each task in other of precedence. It is a very important tool for tracking project activities and milestones. PERT enables the project team to handle task in order of importance. It also deal with uncertainty in process completion dates and determines activities start and end dates. Finally, PERT chart can be adjusted at anytime in the duration of the project. Linear Project Management Lifecycle Model This is a simple TPM approach which does not allow for returning to a project which has previously been completed. (Effective : 329). This means that once a phase in a project is completed, there will be no room to do any kind of adjustment. Incremental Project Management Lifecycle Model It is a traditional TPM in which unlike linear. It releases a solution to each phase of the project and it also emphasis on customer value than the linear approach. (Fernandez, Fernandez). Iterative Project Management Lifecycle Model In the iterative PMLC, change is required as it is the important part of the model. It is a learn by doing strategy. (Fernandez, Fernandez). All iteration consists of feedback loop, and it involves more clients and customers than incremental. Adaptive Project Management Lifecycle Model This is a PMLC that almost nothing is known about the solution and almost all of it are designed for software development project. It deals with a high level of uncertainty because little is known of the end product. Extreme Project Management Lifecycle Model In this model, there is no broad knowledge and solution about the project. The level of uncertainty is high and also that of clients too. CONCLUSION After looking at the two approaches, it is seen that both approaches are good  and can work perfectly well depending on the project at hand. TPM due to its detailed planning is the preferred choice for structured project. It is used in large projects that have well understood features and requirements and which involves large teams. Also, TPM is suitable for project that requires little change. APM is the preferred choice for unstructured projects. These kinds of projects have a high level of uncertainty and unpredictability about them. APM unlike TPM involves smaller projects.

buy custom Inflammation and Neuronal Degeneration essay

buy custom Inflammation and Neuronal Degeneration essay ) How the complement cascade participates in neural disease and precipitates injury. The complement system helps antibodies and other immune cells to destroy pathogens from an organism. It forms part of the immune system that does not change and an individual is born with it. The system and part of the innate immunity can also act together with the adaptive immunity. The complement system is made up of a number of proteins found in the circulatory system, synthesized by the liver, and circulates as inactive precursors also called pro-proteins. When the system is stimulated by one of several triggers, proteases cleave certain proteins to release cytokines and start an amplifying cascade of more cleavages (Boglio 89). The result of the activation cascade is a large amplification of the response and activation of the membrane attack complex. Many proteins and fragments make up the system, including receptors in the cell membrane and proteins in serum all of which make up about 5%of globulin in serum. Three pathways initialize the system: the mannose binding lectin pathway, classical pathway, alternative pathway (Rother 68). The main features of the system are lysis which involves rupturing membranes of foreign cells, Opsonization which is enhancing phagocytosis of antigens, clumping of antigen-bearing agents, Chemotaxis where there is an attraction of macrophages and neutrophils. Complement opsonins for example, Clq and C3b interact with surface complement receptors to promote phagocytosis while complement anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a initiate local pro-inflammatory responses that contribute to the protection of the host. Activation of the system to a higher extent has been thought to promote injury to tissues. There is evidence showing that the system is implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders including the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Deposition of complement proteins correlates with areas of demyelination and axonal loss observed in EAE and complement inhibition ameliorates disease. However, the precise mechanisms underlying complement-mediated damage are still largely unknown (Alt 98). The recent use of transgenic animals is beginning to make it clear on the significant additions of the different complement activation pathways in the pathogenesis of experimental demyelin ation. Although the liver is the major source of complement, glial cells and neurons in the CNS can produce most of the 30 different proteins that make up the complex complement cascade. C1q, mannose binding lectin, and C3 stimulate the activation and chemotaxis of inflammatory cells, promote phagocytosis, and facilitate lysis by the membrane attack complex and Levels of complement components are increased in Huntington's disease (HD) Complement activation products, including the membrane attack complex, colocalize with amyloid plaques and tangle-bearing neurons in Down's syndrome. Using differential mRNA display, C1q B-chain mRNA was found to be strongly increased in an experimental model of prion disease (Rother 23). Complement activation can lead to the formation of C3 convertases, multiprotein enzyme complexes that cleave the secreted complement factor C3 into C3a and C3b. The C3a can promote chemotaxis of phagocytic cells. C3b binds covalently to acceptor molecules, initiating formation of the MAC and cell destruction. C3b deposition starts the phagocytosis process of the complement system through receptors that are found on macrophages. Host cells are normally covered from complement activation and self to self attacks by complement proteins bound on the membranes that regulate the system. Whether complement activation in neurodegenerative disorders represents an appropriate injury response or results from an impairment of these regulatory systems remains to be determined (Sherwood 61). 2) The role of the complement cascade in neural disease and injury precipitation. Inflammation is recognized in science as a protective response by a host to injury that has occurred due to physical trauma or infections by pathogenic organisms. It is characterized by features of swelling, redness, pain and heat. But despite its protective role, it also has diverse side effects on the host due to mediators released during this process (Blass 98). In the central nervous system, inflammation is implicated in a wide array of disease pathogenesis including diseases like schizophrenia, Alzheimers, Parkinsons disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. The inflammatory mediators implicated in the pathogenesis include adhesion molecules, complement system, cyclooxygenase system (both the enzymes and products) and cytokines. All the above mentioned components of the inflammatory pathway play a critical role not only in the defensive aspect of the process but also the injurious and albeit unwanted consequence therein. In the central nervous system, they are implicated in the neuronal injury that is a distinct characteristic of all the above mentioned diseases. This is due to the fact that years of research have shown that they are increased in levels in patients with the mentioned conditions. This fact cannot be debated since the use of therapeutic inflammatory modulators has shown success in neurodegenerative conditions such as multiple sclerosis (Blass 89). Although inflammation is essentially a protective event, it may lead to damage of host tissue around the site of the inflammation. For one to unerstand how the injury occurs, it is vital that one knows the events in inflammation. During tissue injury, either due to trauma or the offending toxins released by pathogens that have infected the host, the body releases an array of chemicals meant to carry out certain protective roles. The roles include; to recruit a large number white blood cells to the site of the event thus stopping the infection or preventing its further progression, to increase the blood flow to the affected region thus bringing more nutrition (oxygen and glucose) to the affected tissues and aid in removal of accumulated toxins, and to cause an increase in the size of the tissues (swelling) thus creating a walled off area from the rest of the surrounding tissue that is not affected. The chemicals/mediators that carry out this functions include; cytokines, Prostranoids, Kinins, substance P, Histamine, Serotonin and Nitrous Oxide ( Cutler 15). Cytokines are a family of chemicals that are key in the mediation of the inflammatory process. They are divided into interleukins and interferon. Further divided into those that enhance cellular immune responses, type 1 (IFN-, TGF-, etc.), and type 2 (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13) for antibody (Neal.R. 102). The brain has very distinct and unique features when it comes to inflammation and its response to inflammatory insults. The brain is described as an immunologically privileged site and the tight junctions of the cerebral vasculature prevent large molecules and cells from entering. The brain is also tightly confined in the cranium thus according very limited space for brain tissue swelling. Inflammation in the central nervous system has been implicated in both acute and chronic diseases. Most neurodegenerative central nervous system diseases are due to chronic inflammation. Multiple sclerosis, for example, is one of the most common of these diseases. The exact etiopathogenesis of this disease has not been fully unraveled (Wiley-Blackwell 45). But years of research have shown that inflammation has a key role to play, that of the autoimmune type. Evidence points to autoimmune condition that leads to T-cell activation and deactivation of suppressor T-cells leading to invasion of the central nervous system by the T-cells and macrophages (Prat et al. 2002). This leads to axonal demyelination, consequent degeneration and plaque formation. Both clinical studies and experimental studies (in mice immunized against myelin basic protein) have shown increased levels of TNF-alpha and INF-gamma, which are directly toxic to oligodendrocytes. These, effect on neurons, have been shown clinically. The autoimmune condition that causes release of these harmful cytokines has a snowball effect. The above cytokines lead to stimulation and production of more cytokine, therefore, leading to further disease progression and neurodegeneration. 3) The advantages and disadvantages of pharmacotherapeutics that target adhesion molecules and leukocytic infiltration into the CNS, such as in MS-spectrum disorders. The goal of pharmacotherauptic drugs acting in the CNS is to diminish or breakdown certain immune responses that are triggering by Multiple Sclerosis, while also causing minor side-effects, and not having to weaken the immunity of the body. Multiple sclerosis an autoimmune disease dealing with immune action targeted against central nervous system antigens (Sherwood 67). It is the most common inflammatory-demyelinating diseases targeting the CNS. With the support of the immune system participation in the progress of MS has grown, trials of many different new therapies to suppress the immune response and even alter the system are being conducted. Most therapies are still experimental. Data of recent randomized clinical trials are showing that immunosuppressive drugs that target adhesion molecules and leukocyte infiltration and methods can encouragingly affect the progress of Multiple Sclerosis. Toxic side effects often prevent their overall use. Immunosuppression of the host leaves the patient prone to a number of opportunistic infections. Amongst the many demyelinating conditions that have an effect on the CNS, those induced by an inflammatory process come out because of their relevance. The well described inflammatory-induced demyelinating condition is multiple sclerosis, but the immunity system response is a frequent pathogenic mechanism in less common diseases for example acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Hence, changing of the immune system response is likely to be a best therapeutic choice. The introduction of these pharmacotherauputic agents has dramatically changed how neuro-degenerative diseases can be treated. These agents are immune-modulators, which in essence means, they can change the functioning of your immune system by suppressing or increasing in built immune responses. The more specific the specific target to be blocked is, the less the effect is to the other bodily functions, making the agent more effective. With the use of these agents in neuro-degenerative treatment, serious side-effects from treatment with the agents have been documented; even deaths have been noted with their usage. If there was a preexisting disease, such as tuberculosis or other serious diseases, the risk for severe side-effects from their therapy with these agents increases. Some research has shown their capabilities for increasing cancer through their actions on the body's immunity. Research into these drugs is still continuous and ongoing on the manny disadvantages as their long time use has not yet been documented (Alt 56). Pharmacotherapeutic therapy is very expensive and most times not a probable treatment choice. Their use is limited to those who can afford. Those agents that are approved for use in treating patients with neuro-degenerative diseases can be divided into three types: tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors which block the chemical messengers, T cell modulators that get the T cells and cytokine inhibitors that block specific intercellular connections and all this block leukocyte infiltration and cell adhesions (Lezonni 56). Any increase in strength of multiple sclerosis drugs could affect with the protective immunosurveillance of the central nervous system. One probable impact is an increased prevalence of opportunistic diseases. An increased surveillance for central nervous system infections in the prospect of immunosuppression is important to avoid major side-effects (lezonni 78). Many of these drugs are very helpful in controlling some of these neuro-degenerative diseases, but due to the many side-effects their use is still debatable. 4) Promising targets of therapeutics to be used in treatment of neuroimmunological disorders and the possible impact of such therapeutics on disease progression. Research has been ongoing into the possible development of neurodegenerative disorders treatments. But the main hurdle most researchers face lies in the thin line between the helpful and detrimental effects of inflammation. Delineating these two has proved to be a major headache to researchers. Another major setback is the inability of scientists to be able to identify which specific inflammatory mediators are involved, and the role they play in the different types of acute or chronic inflammatory diseases. In acute central nervous system injury, for example stroke or brain injury, there is a lot of literature available on the specific types of mediators involved and their role. Most of this data was obtained from experimental rodent studies (Sluis 44). In acute injury, research has shown that general anti-inflammatory therapy is helpful in the prevention of serious brain injury. Drugs like aspirin and Statins have been shown to help in management of the above mentioned injuries. Although Statins are known to exert their effects on cholesterol and aspirin on coagulation, most schools of thought do not dispute their anti-inflammatory effect as contributory (John P 42). Apart from these well established drugs in use, research is ongoing to develop drugs that are more specific and target certain mediators. For example, a drug targeting interleukin-1(IL-1) is already in early safety trials and so far no adverse drug reactions have been reported. This drug, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), is being used to reduce levels of IL-1 during inflammation. Interleaukin-1 has been shown to be in increased levels in acute neurodegenaration. It has also been shown to play a role in fever development following brain injury (fever is very common and is detrimental sequelae of brain damage). By decreasing the levels of interleaukin-1, the drug is aimed at reducing the intensity of the inflammatory response and reducing the development of fever. Though this drug has shown so much promise, the main setback is that it is a large molecule and its bioavailability in the brain is reduced since the brain blood barrier keeps most of it out. Researchers are trying to circumvent this short coming by employing cleavage enzymes, soluble receptors and inhibition of expression (Robin Thorpe 67). Apart from targeting interleukin-1, other cytokines can also be targeted and modulated using pharmacological agents. Research on this front is still poorly advanced, but it is still a very promising one. Cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which are widely known to be involved in central nervous system inflammation, can also be targeted. They can either be targeted by employing receptor antagonists or enzyme inhibitors. This would consequently lead to a diminished inflammatory response. Apart from pro-inflammatory cytokines, another target site can be anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10, interferon-beta (IFN-beta) and transforming growth factor-beta amongst others. The data on just how much neuroprotection they accord are very limited, but facts point to their ability to reduce inflammation in the brain (Robin Thorpe 106). Pharmacological agents can be developed either as analogs of these chemicals or by increasing their production through enzyme activities. The inflammatory process can also be targeted by preventing activation of microglia cells. Microglias are types of glial cells that are macrophages in the spinal cord and the brain. They are thus the primary form of active immunological defense in the central nervous system. When activated, they take an amoeboid shape and release cytokines and other inflammatory mediators that lead to neuron degeneration (Blass 100). This modulation can be achieved be achieved by Inhibition of activation, Regulation of chemokine receptor, Inhibition of amyloid deposition and Inhibition of cytokine synthesis. These are just but a few of the targets than can be isolated in the neuroimmflammatory pathway and appropriately modulated to reduce neuronal destruction in neurodegenerative process. By modulating the inflammatory process with the right drugs, the disease process can be halted, and even reversed in the long run. Buy custom Inflammation and Neuronal Degeneration essay