Causes Of The Armenian Genocide - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1987 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Genocide Essay Did you like this example? On April 24, 1915, Ottoman authorities rounded up, arrested, and deported between 235 and 270 Armenian community leader and scholars from Constantinople, the majority of whom were eventually killed. The genocide was carried out throughout World War I in two phases the killing of the able-bodied men through massacre and forced labor, and then the deportation of women, children, the elderly, and the ill, on death marches to the Syrian Desert. Driven forward by military ?escorts, the ?deportees were deprived of food and water, and victim to robbery, rape, and massacre. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Causes Of The Armenian Genocide" essay for you Create order In 1943, Raphael Lemkin was moved specifically by the annihilation of Armenians to define the organized manner in which the killings were carried out, coining the word genocide as systematic and premeditated exterminations within legal parameters. Thus, the Armenian Genocide is widely acknowledged to have been the first modern genocide; while Turkey denies that genocide is an accurate term, as of 2018, 29 countries have officially recognized the mass killings as genocide, as have most genocide scholars and historians. The deportation and murder of hundreds of thousands of Armenians was a reaction to the toals of World War I and not of a long-held plan to eliminate Armenians as an ethnic cleansing. The roots of this genocide, however, are grounded in Turkish Muslims resentment of Armenian Christians political and economic success, going against traditional Ottoman social hierarchies that held Muslims superior to non-Muslims†and a growing sense by young Turk leaders and Muslims t hat Armenians were ?others and a dangerous element to society. On July 24, 1908, Armenians movement for equality in the Ottoman Empire strengthened when a coup detat staged by officers of the Ottoman Third Army removed Abdul Hamid II from power, and restored the country to a constitutional monarchy. The officers were part of the Young Turk movement, who wanted to reform the administration of the Ottoman Empire to meet European standards. The movement was an anti-Hamidian coalition made up of two distinct groups, the liberal constitutionalists and the nationalists, the former more democratic and accepting of Armenians, the latter mostly intolerant of Armenians and their frequent requests for European assistance. In 1902 however, during a congress of the Young Turks held in Paris, the heads of the liberal wing, Sabahaddin and Ahmed Riza Bey, somewhat convinced the nationalists to include ensuring some rights for all the minorities of the empire, including Armenians, as part of their new agenda. One factions within the Young Turk movement was a secret revolutionary organization, the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP). It drew its membership from disaffected army officers based in Salonika, and was behind a wave of mutinies against the central government. In 1908, elements of the Third Army and the Second Army Corps declared their opposition to the Sultan and threatened to march on the capital to depose him. Threatened by the wave of resentment, he stepped down from power. The ultimate goal of the CUP was to restore the Ottoman Empire to its former glory, reclaiming its title as one of the worlds great powers. Once the party gained control and consolidated its power in the 1912 Election of Clubs and the 1913 Raid on the Sublime Porte, the party grew increasingly more splintered and volatile. Following attacks on the empires Turkish citizens during the Balkan Wars of 1912â€Å"1913, the three leaders, Enver Pasha, Talaat Pasha and Jemal Pasha, fortified their position as t he new leadership, together recognized as the Three Pashas and took over rule of the Ottoman Empire and the CUP party, known as The Young Turks. In 1912, the First Balkan War broke out, ending in the defeat of the Ottoman Empire and the loss the majority of its European territory. Many in the empire saw their defeat as Allahs divine punishment for a society that did not know how to pull itself together. Soon, the Turkish nationalist movement viewed Anatolia as their last refuge, where the Armenian population were a minority. A subsequent repercussion was the mass expulsion of Muslims from the Balkans, and the following large scale immigration, where more than half a million refugees settled in areas where Armenians resided. They soon resented the status of their relatively well-off neighbors, a disdain that would influence the murder and expulsion of Armenians, and the confiscation of their properties, during the genocide. As a preface, Turkey has steadily refused to recognize that the events of 1915â€Å"16 constitute a genocide. The Turkish government has admitted that deportations took place, but they maintain that the Armenians were a rebellious faction that had to be pacified during a national security crisis; while they acknowledge that some killing took place, they contend that it was not initiated or directed by the government, and there were ?deaths on both sides. Major countries†including the United States, Israel, and Great Britain†have also declined to acknowledge the events as a genocide, in order to avoid damaging their relations with Turkey. In 2014, government officials in Turkey offered condolences to the Armenian victims, but Armenians remain committed to having the mass killings of their ancestors during World War I recognized as a genocide. The Ottoman Empire opened the Middle Eastern theater of World War I on the side of the Central Powers on November 2, 1914, and the following battles of the Caucasus Campaign, the Persian Campaign and the Gallipoli Campaign directly affected populated Armenian communities. Before entering the war, the Ottoman government had sent representatives to the Armenian congress at Erzurum to convince Ottoman Armenians to facilitate the conquest of Transcaucasia by inciting an insurrection of Russian Armenians against the Russian army if a Caucasus theater is opened. On December 24, 1914, this is put into action when the Minister of War Enver Pasha implemented a plan to surround and overpower the Russian Caucasus Army to repossess territory lost to Russia in the Russo-Turkish War. But when Pashas forces were routed in the battle, and almost completely annihilated, Pasha publicly blamed the defeat on Armenians in the region having actively sided with the Russians. As a result, on November 14, 19 14, in Constantinople, capital of the Ottoman Empire, the religious leader Sheikh-ul-Islam declared an Islamic holy war on behalf of the Ottoman government, urging his Muslim followers to take up arms against Britain, France, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro in World War I;   this was later used as a factor to provoke radical masses in the implementation of the Armenian Genocide. On February 25, 1915, the Ottoman General Staff released the War Minister Enver Pashas Directive 8682 on Increased security and precautions to all military units calling for the removal of all ethnic Armenians serving in the Ottoman forces from their posts and for their demobilization; the directive accused the Armenian Patriarchate of releasing State secrets to the Russians. Enver Pasha explained this decision as out of fear that they would collaborate with the Russians. Before February, some of the Armenian recruits were utilized as labourers before being executed. Transferring Armenian conscripts from active combat to passive, unarmed logistic sections was an important precursor to the subsequent genocide. The execution of the Armenians in these battalions was part of a premeditated strategy of the CUP. Those who werent murdered were deported. But the government called it a necessary deportation, claiming that many Armenian radicals were threatening to side with Russia. Turkey say s that there was never a deliberate, ethnically-driven effort to exterminate the Armenian population; it was a wartime precaution, like the U.S. relocated the Japanese population during World War II, says Dr. Kamer Kasim, Dean of Abant Izzet Baysal University. Ottoman rulers, like most of their subjects, were Muslim. They permitted Armenians to maintain some autonomy, but they also subjected them to unequal and unjust treatment; under the Ottoman Empire, Christians had minimal political and legal rights. Still, Armenian communities thrived. They tended to be better educated and wealthier than their (Muslim) Turkish neighbors, who in turn grew to resent their success. This resentment was compounded by distrust, as Muslim Turks believed that the Christian Armenians would be loyal to Christian governments, specifically Russia, rather than to the Ottoman caliphate. The success of Armenian Christians over Muslim Turks, the distrust of religious loyalties, and especially the government scapegoating of Armenians when the military failed, are all causes of the Armenian Genocide. Because the Armenian population was oppressed, Turkish military leaders argued that Armenians thought they could win independence if the Allies were victorious, thus they would be eager to fight for the enemy. The military leads were not wrong, and as the war intensified, Armenians organized volunteer battalions to help the Russian army fight against the Turks in the Caucasus region. Whether accusations lead to Armenians taking up arms, or Armenians taking up arms lead to accusations is still unclear. Either way, these events, and the general Turkish distrust of the Armenian people, led the Turkish government to move for the removal of Armenians from war zones along the Eastern Front†thus the deportations began. As Armenian men were killed and sent to labor and women and children were deported, they left behind their homes, land, and all the wealth theyd acquired. At the same time, the beginning of World War I had begun to take its toll on the Ottoman Empire, and the new Young Turk government was running out of the resources needed to continue waging war. While the government struggled, the Armenian populations in Tiflis and Baku controlled most of the local wealth, therefore it is reasonable to come to the conclusion that part of the reason for the genocide was to take over the wealth left behind by the Armenians who had been deported and murdered. Stealing Armenians wealth solved one of the empires two problems; with the stolen wealth, the Young Turk government could fund its continuing role in World War I. However, besides the financial struggles in the war, the fighting itself was going poorly. The Armenian people caught the blame for this too. As the Turkish people were already distrusting of Armenians, the government simply continued to turn its people against the Armenians, portraying the minority as the reason for the military defeats, claiming that they were being undermined from within. To back up this claim, and to prevent any resistance to the forthcoming attacks, the Turkish government disarmed all Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. To follow up, the Young Turks then took advantage of the contentious war situation, claiming that all Armenians, beginning with those in the highly populated Anatolia region, and later extending to all Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, needed to be relocated due to wartime emergencies. In May, the Ottoman Parliament passed legislation formally authorizing the deportation. The deportation was accompanied by a systematic campaign of mass murder. Survivors who reached the deserts of Syria were left in concentration camps, many starving to dea th, with mass killings continuing into 1916. Conservative estimates have calculated that from 600,000 to more than 1,000,000 Armenians were slaughtered or died on the marches. The events of 1915â€Å"16 were witnessed by a number of foreign journalists, missionaries, diplomats, and military officers who sent reports home about death marches and killing fields. While the deportation and murder of hundreds of thousands of Armenians was a reaction to the toals of World War I and not of a long-held plan to eliminate Armenians as an ethnic cleansing, its roots are grounded in Turkish Muslims resentment of Turkish Armenians   political and economic success, going against traditional Ottoman social hierarchies that held Muslims superior to non-Muslims†and a growing sense by young Turk leaders and Muslims that Armenians were others and a dangerous element to society.   Despite unequal and unjust treatment under the Ottoman Empire where Christians had minimal political and legal rights, Armenian communities thrived, unfairly earning themselves disdain from their Muslim neighbors. While there is not one moment or one notion that set off the Armenian Genocide, this disdain, the success of Armenian Christians over Muslim Turks, the distrust of Armenians (religious) loyalties, and the government scapegoating of Armenians when the military fai led, are all causes of the Armenian Genocide.

My Experience With My Mother Essay - 2334 Words

I didn’t know what to expect when I opened the door, but when I did I just saw two people sitting in this sitting area that almost looked like a living room. They were both sitting on a couch about the size of a love seat, which was adjacent to another chair. They were both in a somewhat casual attire. My mother was dressed in jeans and a plain white t-shirt. My father was dressed in a striped polo shirt match with a pair of tan slacks. If you looked closely you could tell that my mother had been in the kitchen, with small speckles of flour on her clothes and aims a discarded apron hanging off the side of the arm rest on the couch. My father on the other hand had been sitting at the computer all day. His glasses slightly tilted to the side. The fabric of his pants slightly more wrinkled towards his thighs and waist. I could remember my mom cooking in the kitchen whenever I came home from school. Discovering new recipes and concocting new sweets ready for my consumption when I entered. 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Human Resources Services

Question: This report states the necessary facts that relates to assisting employers as well as workers gather knowledge about the health and safety measures that has to be implemented in the workplace (Regan 2015). Answer: Activity 1A Relevant Source of information The sources of information can be obtained through the Australian Work Health and Safety Strategy 20122022, under the category of health and safety capabilities: Improved work healthActivity 1B and safety capabilities. This report states the necessary facts that relates to assisting employers as well as workers gather knowledge about the health and safety measures that has to be implemented in the workplace (Regan 2015). Important online portals relating to WHS Act, Australia can also be accessed to gather knowledge about the recent alterations made to the WHS Act. Industry Changes in the Context of WHS Reese (2015) mentioned that in the manufacturing industry it is essential that the management of the organization along with the operational department has to be aware of the changes in the WHS Act, to make the necessary changes in the operational department of the business organization. In this regard, it can be said that the workers in the organization should be aware of the WHS Act and its implications, so that they shall be able to defend themselves if it is felt that their rights are being violated in any manner. I feel that it is important to be updated to the changes to the WHS act since the safety and the concern of the employees is paramount. Facilitating awareness It is essential to visit the WHS website in frequent intervals of time, to ensure that I have knowledge about the latest changes that are happening within the WHS Act. In addition , Armstrong and Taylor (2014) noted that various reports relating to the WHS Act, that are published in business magazines and journals can also be consulted in frequent intervals of time to assess the implications of the WHS act . Ensuring Safety in the Workplace A safe working environment can be implemented can implementing training programmes for the benefits of the workers. Yazdani (2015) mentioned that these training schemes shall emphasize upon the different safety measures that the worker can undertake in executing the production processes of the business organization. In addition, there should be adequate space for free movement of the workers. It is expected that this would lead to any kind of health hazard for the workers. Floyde (2013) mentioned that it is important that the staff in the organization have the access to the changes in the WHS Act. This would ensure that the staff takes a proactive role in determining the well-being and the safety of the workers. As such, this shall assist the organization in strictly adhering to the constituents of the WHS act, in ensuring appropriate execution of health and safety measures in the workplace. Activity 1B The WHS plan in the context of the manufacturing industry shall consist of the following: Part 1: General WHS necessities Emergency procedures An urgent evacuation plan has been stated in the following locations. Office/reception Workshops Common areas Sheds Washrooms Hazard/Injury Reporting In the case of an injury or hazard, the following measures can be taken for the reporting of the incident. Inform the station manager of the incident as well as the hazard. Develop a Hazard / Injury or an incident report form that shall state the details of the accident. All relevant sections shall be duly filled up. The station manager must record all the details of the accident in the injury register. First Aid The following first aid measures must be used in the case of the reporting of incidents. The appointment as well as the training of the first aid officers. The usage of the first aid kits in the workplace The provision of the first aid kits within the vehicle Part 2: WHS Requirements Asbestos - The entity has to comply with the asbestos management plan as well as the asbestos register if there is usage of asbestos in the building of the premises. In addition, any repair oet work that is being done must be checked as per the asbestos register. Inappropriate Behavior - Harassment, bullying and any kind of violent behavior towards fellow co-workers shall not be allowed in the workplace. Disciplinary action must be taken to prevent such accidents in the organization. Thus, there shall be strict guidelines that would govern employee behavior in the workplace. Hazardous substances- The hazardous substances relate to chemicals, organic matter as well as other fatal substances that shall pose a health threat to the workers when exposed to such substances in the workplace. Such substances can include glue, solvents as well as paints. Besides this, it can include cleaning solutions, corrosives and flammable items. Electrical safety - Regular maintenance of the electrical items is one of the necessary attributes towards ensuring the safety of the employees from electrical goods. If electrical devices are not regularly monitored, this can lead to fatality and even death of the employees. References Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014. Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Floyde, A., Lawson, G., Shalloe, S., Eastgate, R. and DCruz, M., 2013. The design and implementation of knowledge management systems and e-learning for improved occupational health and safety in small to medium sized enterprises. Safety science, 60, pp.69-76. Quinlan, M., Matthews, L., Bohle, P. and Fitzpatrick, S., 2016. Employer and union responses to traumatic death at work: Evidence from Australia. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, 40(3), p.1. Reese, C.D., 2015. Occupational health and safety management: a practical approach. CRC press. Regan, R., 2015. Coal Mine Health and Safety Regulatory and Enforcement Approach, New South Wales, Australia. Yazdani, A., Neumann, W.P., Imbeau, D., Bigelow, P., Pagell, M., Theberge, N., Hilbrecht, M. and Wells, R., 2015. How compatible are participatory ergonomics programs with occupational health and safety management systems?. Scandinavian journal of work, environment health, 41(2), pp.111-123.

Overcoming Content Shock

Consistently producing engaging content is a core element of most marketing strategies, but will it be sustainable over the long term?According to some digital marketing experts, the glut of content online might be weakening the power of inbound marketing efforts. Social media expert Mark Schaefer labeled this phenomenon â€Å"content shock† and the concerns he raised have caused quite a bit of discussion. What Is Content Shock? Content shock is the idea that the amount of content people are able to consume has more or less peaked while the amount of content being produced keeps growing rapidly. Schaefer’s theory suggests that once we are at a certain level of saturation, publishing new content will be almost pointless. However, it’s important not to confuse the idea of content shock with information overload.More information is usually a good thing and tends to help create better content that rises to the top.Content shock refers more specifically to saturation, or density, of content in a particular niche or industry more than the actual amount. More and More Content Just how much content is being produced?According to one study, over 4.6 billion pieces are created each day. Another analysis estimates that the amount of information available online doubles every two years. Looking at these numbers, it’s easy to see that having high quality content and a good strategy to reach your audience is essential. Making Your Content Stand Out in the Crowd While content saturation might make it more challenging to get results from your efforts, it definitely does not mean you should give up.Here are two strategies that can help you beat content shock: Persona-driven content A lot of content is fairly generic, written to reach the widest possible audience.The problem with this is that it ends up not being particularly useful to anyone.But you can avoid this pitfall by crafting content that’s based on targeted customer personas. Social media optimization (SMO) The idea of SMO has been around for quite some time, but it gained significant traction after the release of Google’s Hummingbird algorithm change.Since Hummingbird utilizes social sharing to help determine ranking, it is more important than ever to optimize your content for social media.SMO tactics can include: Adding social share buttons to your blog Asking for shares, likes or comments Using eye-catching images in your social media content Building relationships with influencers Content Marketing is Not Dead! Although the heyday of content marketing isn’t over, content shock has raised the bar for marketers. With more and more content being produced these days, the challenge of getting your audience’s attention is even harder. But, there are still powerful ways to stand out. Most importantly, make sure your content is as personalized as possible for your customers.