Austens Growing Feminism in Emma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Austens Growing Feminism in Emma - Essay Example Rarely was it possible to attain both and often it was found, too late, that it was possible to attain neither. Even in the very early 1800s, though, many of these ideas were beginning to surface in the literature produced. Writers such as Jane Austen emerged as proto-feminists, planting the seeds of a new day while still remaining ‘acceptable’ to the old. This careful blending of feminist ideals with traditional behaviors can be found in such novels as Emma, in which critics have found support both for the traditional role of women as well as encouragement for a new way of thinking about women. Women’s lives were often strictly contained within rigidly defined terms. Women who formed the upper class enjoyed ample time for leisure activities in their lifestyles and once a woman married, her role was to simply to manage the home and the household. Though the life of the upper class woman might seem easier and more secure than that of a lower class woman, this was not always the case. Land, titles, and money were inherited by the closest male relative – typically the older son, but if there was no older son then it would go to a more distant relation. Only the small amount of money set aside as a woman’s marriage dowry went to an unmarried woman after the death of her father. In addition, many women were married nominally against their will in arranged marriages, by the Victorian age positioning the woman herself as commodity (Levine-Clark, 1991). As a result, many mothers and daughters were left extremely poor after the death of their husband and fathers. At the same time, the activities they were permitted to take part in remained relatively sedate and home-bound.

Factors That Affects the Preference of Online Games Essay Example for Free

Factors That Affects the Preference of Online Games Essay Online gaming can refer to any type of game that someone can play through the Internet or over a computer network. Most of the time, online gaming refers to video games played over the Internet, where multiple players are in different locations across the world. Players also can compete in massively multiplayer games, where dozens of players play an ongoing game in a virtual world. Often times, participants can communicate with other gamers through text chat sessions during online gaming or, sometimes, players can actually speak to other players, using special audio hardware. Online Games are now one of the most popular and fast growing part of the internet based industries. These computer games can be played be many people together in a network like the Internet or any office network. With the growing availability of the World Wide Web, these games have become one of the best ways to relief stress after a busy day. Today, there are many websites that allow people to play online games. Playing online games has many advantages. Users can play multiplayer online games with their friends. Children find multiplayer games more thrilling and entertaining as they compete against their friends. Online games offer a range of entertainment options for people. Online games are an excellent way to escape the â€Å"real world for a while and enter the virtual domain. In addition to providing entertainment, these games help us to be mentally strong. These games are liked by people of different ages, especially as they could be played in the comfort of their homes. The games are quite thrilling as they provide incredible features as well as a user friendly ambiance. These games also build team efforts and team spirits. A bond of togetherness is developed through these games. To cap it all, these games help one to interact and exchange ideas with others while paying multi-player games. The industry of computer games is continuously developing its techniques and strategies in order to make more and more appealing games. However, each company that produces video games is specialized in a certain type of games that address to a certain age group. For this reason, the variety of the existing games and of the games to be created is very notable and we should take it into consideration whenever we speak of this domain

Boy Talk :: Example Personal Narratives

Boy Talk We keep tally marks (with parenthetical comments) in my little black book. When we score, we call them glory points. We conceived the idea on a Friday night of meandering around coffee shops, discussing the book Catcher in the Rye. I convinced my friend Michael that Catcher in the Rye satires pathetically alienated teens and mocks the protagonist as much as anyone else - and thus bore our tradition. We score glory points by convincing the other that he is wrong; my little black book is the memo pad I use for keeping phone numbers, homework assignments, other assorted notes, and of course, glory points. At the moment, I am beating Michael five to four in the "glory game." Michael actually gave me the book "Catcher in the Rye" to read somewhere near the end of my freshman year, at the time when I had very few friends because I had just changed schools. He, also being an alienated youth, began to talk to me about phonies and other Holden Caufieldesque things. To this day, he brags about how he drove me into a "three month depression." From the philosophy of Holden Caufield, we have since progressed to arguing philosophy and politics. Prior to discussing phonies, Michael and I had never gotten far beyond the surface-levels of conversation. That kind of relationship wasn't unusual for me - virtually every relationship I had was as shallow as a kiddie pool. In fact, discussing phonies was a breakthrough for me, if only because we exchanged some semblance of ideas about personal psychology. Michael and I thoroughly agreed: "Everybody in the world is a phony - except me." (We never did figure our if the "everybody" included the other person.) During the summer between my freshman and sophomore years, I began to miss people - no one person in particular, just those mystical creatures that I missed walking down the street while I spent three or four days inside reading and watching television. I made something of a commitment to myself to actually befriend more than the handful of people I talked to over that summer. I committed myself to making close friends whom I could talk to about personal problems. Friends, ironically, like Michael. Michael and I moved to this topic near the end of that summer, at a time when he was in the process of switching to a private high school from our old, public high school.

Airborne Case Study Essay

Q1. How and why has the express mail industry structure evolved in recent years? How have the changes affected small competitors? The Express mail industry in the United States had a volume of $16-17 billion on expedited shipments in the year 1996. In the years before shipment volumes has risen 15-20% per year. However due to higher competition prices have fallen which resulted in a rise of only 10-15% in total revenues. As an example of this stands the revenue and the operating margin of the biggest player that make up 45% of the market. Federal Express’ revenue has more than quadrupled in the ten years prior 1996, however its operating margin has more than halved. (Exhibit 2) The increase in shipments is partly due to lower prices, which makes it more attractive for businesses to use shipments more frequently and reduce stocks and inventory to compete on the basis of time to market. Also the price sensitive businesses of catalogue retailers required urgent shipment. In order to cope with the quickly growing numbers of packages (1997 Federal Express delivered 2. million packages a day), the companies started using their own airplanes rather than using commercial airlines to do the job for them. Processes have become highly automated, starting with hand-held computers that give each parcel its own barcode to track it at each stage of its journey. The information is then passed on to central computers that allow customers to follow its deliveries online. Hub facilities are ever growing now being able to sort up to 300,000 packages per hour (UBS hub). Due to high automatization and low margins in the industry it becomes increasingly difficult for second-tier players to survive in the market. Since 85% of the market are in the hand of the three major players; Federal Express, United Parcel Service and Airborne Express, the six second tier players had to find their niche in the market. DHL specified on the international market. The company is responsible for 40% of all trans-border express shipments in America, which makes up to 80% of DHL’s shipments. DHL is also the specialist for services that include fast shipments to the far and hard to reach corners of the world, with hubs situated in Nairobi and Bahrain. TNT’s focus lies on international markets as well, however focuses its efforts on Europe. Another second tier player is BAX Global who specialized in business-to-business heavy cargo. Earlier BAX Global was focused on the market for overnight letters, which resulted in large losses, till the strategy was shifted towards heavy cargo. The company RPS does not offer overnight delivery but focuses on two-day delivery and a cheap group network with a sophisticated information technology, targeting price-sensitive business customers. Q2.  How has Airborne survived, and recently prospered, in express mail industry? In the fife years prior 1997 Airborne Express has grown faster than its two bigger rivals, giving it about 16% of domestic express mail market share in 1997. Airborne has achieved this by a couple of measures that allowed it to keep its costs down and guaranteed Airborne Express success in its niche. One of the key decisions of Airborne Express was to target regularly shipping business customers and purposely passing over residential deliveries and infrequent shippers. Ray Berry, vice president of Field Services Administration, commented this selection of customers: â€Å" Since we can’t be all things to all people, we pick our kind of customer deliberately. † And it has payed off; 1997 Airborne delivered 900,000 packages and documents each day. As a major hub for this serves an airbase in Wilmington, Ohio. In contrast to its competitors Airborne Express owns the airport, which brings some advantages. For example leases Airborne Express warehouse space on the airport to businesses, allowing them to ship merchandize the next day even if orders come in as late as 2AM. Another key factor for low costs is that Airborne Express relies less on automation and more on its human workforce than its competitors; hiring low part-time employees with wages of $7 per hours. Airborne Express’ air fleet distinguishes itself also from the competition. By primarily buying used aircrafts costs are held down. Also the aircrafts are on average 80% loaded; compared to 60% for Federal Express. Furthermore Airborne Express tries to avoid using airplanes whenever possible, resulting in 30% of non-air deliveries compared to 15% non-air deliveries at Federal Express. Since the cost of non-air deliveries is estimated to be only 1/3 of the cost of air deliveries, this depicts how well Airborne Express is able to save money. Another cost reducing factor are independent contractors hired for parcel pick up or delivery that save around 10% of costs compared to company employees. Airborne Express Marketing and Sales team does not invest in costly wide span advertising campaigns, but rather invest in advertising targeting logistic managers of major shippers. Known for its low prices it tries to gain customers, large businesses, with a 500-person sales force and the promise to tailor the services needed for its customers with solution-oriented approaches. Last but not least Airborne Express started to forge a relationship with RPS, an expert for cheap ground deliveries, trying to gain synergies and being able to offer integrated solutions on a case-by-case basis for customers. Q3. What would you recommend Robert Brazier, Airborne’s President and COO, to do in order to strengthen the company’s position?  As the world moves closer together and quick logistics and transportation are getting more and more important, the global express mail market is still growing. In order to secure growth and market share we would advise Airborne Express to push forward the relationship with RPS, maybe consider a merger, to fully gain the synergies. Also it is of key importance to strengthen the position in the market by gaining new customers, providing them with worldwide â€Å"flexible, solution-oriented express† services in the B2B area. This could be achieved by gradually increasing international activities on a customer case-to-case basis.

Critical Analysis of Traditional and Agile Project Management Essay

INTRODUCTION Project is an effort taken to build something unique within a specific period. (PMBOK, 2004: 20). This means that a project has a starting and an ending which has to be completed within the specified time. For a project to be completed within time limit and with little or no flaws, a plan has to be put in place so as to get a desired result. Project planning is the determination of the progress of a project to be carried out in a serial manner. (Successful Project Management, 2011: 57). Project planning is very essential in managing a project and will be discussed in detail specifically in traditional and agile project management which is the two major project management approaches. Critical analysis of these two approaches in respect to project planning will be given. That is treating the necessary processes in planning a project. Tools, techniques, and project lifecycle models used in project management will be explored. See more: how to write an analysis OVERVIEW Traditional project management TPM is a set of technique and tools that can be applied to an activity that seeks an end product, outcomes or service. This is a well taught out planning process which has a very strict control method that makes distinguishable stages in a project life cycle (hass, 2007). Requirement such as scope, cost and time are determined upfront, followed plans are also well laid out and once laid out, it cannot be modified. Due to this, life cycles are easily recognizable. Task are completed one after another once completed, it cannot be revisited. In TPM, a lot of importance is attached  to documentation of business needs thereby stakeholders needs are already known (Leybourne, 2009). TPM is based on the fact that situations surrounding project and activities are predictable and manageable (Hass 2007, Yusuf et al 1999). TPM views each project level as a separate process whose outcome or completion has an effect on how and when subsequent levels begin (caddle and Yeates 2008; Thonsett 2012). According to Larman (2004), a well thought out rule on project team members’ responsibilities are determined at the planning phase. This makes team members accountable for the project which ensures control (Saladis and Kezner, 2009). Examples of traditional models are: 1. PRINCE2 2. Waterfall 3. Event chain 4. CA-PPM. Agile project management APM is all about incremental iteration, adaptability, agility and collaboration (Scuh, 2005; Larman, 2004). It takes individual and iteration contribution over process and tools. It lays emphasis on short cycles of structure which happen at different levels and also emphasis on feedback (Hass, 2007). All plans are revisited to get certainty of delivery. APM sees the project as product increment. Due to its lack of structure, it requires a considerable amount of discipline and coordination. APM allows project scope to change rapidly and frequently which is done by constant communication with project stakeholders. APM teams consist of skilled members fully dedicated to the project and are co-located (Hass, 2007; Wysocki). The whole idea of what APM is all about is based on the agile manifesto. It was put forward by Martin Fowler and Jim Highsmith (wysocki,). Its content are given below: â€Å"We are uncovering better ways of developing software by doing it and helping others do it. Through this work we have come to value: Individuals and interactions over processes and tools Working software over comprehensive documentation Customer collaboration over contract negotiation Responding to change over following a plan That is, while there is value in the items on the right, we value the items  on the left more.† Types of agile project management approaches are as follows: 1. Agile Unified Process (AUP) 2. Scrum 3. Lean Software Development 4. Extreme Programming (XP) 5. Dynamic Systems Development Method 6. Feature Driven Development Scope Planning Scope planning is a process that describes and documents the boundaries of a project and project expectation. TPM is a rigid approach that gives no room to change once the scope plan has been created. Plans are made to prevent change in project scope. It focuses on developing all parts of the scope first. Documentation is very detailed trying to encompass the whole requirement. The project scope statement consists of the objective and boundaries of the project and also product specification. Work breakdown structure is then created. In TPM, steps are taken that the team sticks to the scope of the project. Scope planning in APM is a high-level activity because little is known of the solution. Change is a key part of APM, making the scope very flexible. The scope is constantly redefined due to the series of iterations. Ideas could be added at stage of the project. Documentations is present but not as detailed as in TPM. APM focuses on developing the most important part of the scope first and then proceed to the next. Human Resource Planning In TPM, team is usually large in number and consists of various levels of skilled members. The teams are very organized. The teams don’t make decisions on their own without the approval of senior managers. APM team members are proficient and are highly skilled, they are collocated in order to handle changes in project scope and also performance, communication and more so, interrelation. APM consists of small team, members are mostly between five and nine, and they also are highly productive. Agile teams are self-organizing and disciplined (Hewson, 2006). Agile teams are basically  independent. Risk Planning TPM assumes that there will be risk in the project. This is put into consideration at the planning of the project and measures are put in place to handle it. Projects in APM are volatile and very unstable because the solutions are not known. Every iteration cycle comes with its own risks. These risks are expected and are handled sequentially when it arises during project (Owen et al, 2006). Proponents of agile approach argue that dealing with real risk is better than preparing for unknown risk (Schuh, 2005). Quality Quality in agile is often determined by the regular feedback and acknowledgement of the customer’s view of the quality of the product. Time planning: In traditional approach, time estimation is dependent on the amount of tasks to be executed. Time estimation is done right after the WBS is created. Effort is made in other to complete the project within the required time (Hass, 2007). In agile approach, time estimation is based on features. The numbers of features to be developed determine the amount of time that will be used. Scheduling and workflow are also closely aligned. Management style: In TPM, the project manager is responsible solely for the planning and allocation of responsibilities (Kerzner, 2003). Traditional project managers focus more on the schedule, scope and budget (Fernandez and Fernandez, 2009). In APM, the project manager works in collaboration with the team (Hass, 2007). Agile managers focus more on the business value and deliverables (Fernandez and Fernandez, 2009). Cost management: Agile projects should be based on either a cost-reimbursable system, or the client accepts scope is a variable based on achieving the maximum improvement possible for a pre-set budget. This is a totally different philosophy to traditional project governance. Tools, Technique, models, and Project Lifecycle Models There are numerous tool and technique that can be utilized in the course of planning a project which include: Gantt chart is a graphical representation for scheduling the execution of various project activities. It can be used to make an approximation of time required to complete the  project. Brainstorming involves the assembling of idea by a group of people in order to solve problem and to arrive at a conclusion. It is essential in development of new ideas. Work breakdown structure (WBS) is the breaking down of project into smaller more manageable pieces in a hierarchical order. Each level in WBS is a smaller piece of the level above. Fishbone diagram is also known as cause-and-effect diagram. It is used to check the cause of a specific event. They also help during the collating and analyzing factors phase of project planning. Critical Path Method involves dealing with activities that has to be completed in order for other activities to be completed. It helps in the sequencing and correlating of interdependent processes. PERT Chart is a representation that shows the task to be performed serially in a graphical form. It helps to focus more on the most critical part of the project in order to reduce constriction. Project Charter is a document that formally authorizes a project statement. It contains project justification, business needs and so on. . (PMBOK, 2004) Scope Statement ensures that only the required work is done. That is work is not done out of scope of the project. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) WBS is a deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of the work to be done by the project team, to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables. WBS is a tool which focuses on how a project work should be done. It breaks down the work to be done into smaller sections that can be managed by the project team, each section give details of the project work as such giving team understanding of what do(Biafore, 2011). WBS can be depicted as an outline or a diagram (Biafore, 2011). The number of levels present in a WBS should be reasonable as this is determined by how voluminous and complex the project is. WBS helps in d identification of task, brings to light what d project entails and a lot of other tools depend on WBS. It also allows stakeholders have an understanding of the scope of the project (Biafore, 2011). PERT Chart (Project Evaluation and Review Technique) It is visual illustration of a project plan task. It document important or critical phases of a project. It helps to identify critical processes and  the time that the process will end. It can also help in the documentation of a project. It helps in the organizing and scheduling of interrelated tasks in a complex project (Chinneck, 2009). It does this by using a network description to show parallel relationships between tasks (Chinneck, 2009). It helps in the completion of each task in other of precedence. It is a very important tool for tracking project activities and milestones. PERT enables the project team to handle task in order of importance. It also deal with uncertainty in process completion dates and determines activities start and end dates. Finally, PERT chart can be adjusted at anytime in the duration of the project. Linear Project Management Lifecycle Model This is a simple TPM approach which does not allow for returning to a project which has previously been completed. (Effective : 329). This means that once a phase in a project is completed, there will be no room to do any kind of adjustment. Incremental Project Management Lifecycle Model It is a traditional TPM in which unlike linear. It releases a solution to each phase of the project and it also emphasis on customer value than the linear approach. (Fernandez, Fernandez). Iterative Project Management Lifecycle Model In the iterative PMLC, change is required as it is the important part of the model. It is a learn by doing strategy. (Fernandez, Fernandez). All iteration consists of feedback loop, and it involves more clients and customers than incremental. Adaptive Project Management Lifecycle Model This is a PMLC that almost nothing is known about the solution and almost all of it are designed for software development project. It deals with a high level of uncertainty because little is known of the end product. Extreme Project Management Lifecycle Model In this model, there is no broad knowledge and solution about the project. The level of uncertainty is high and also that of clients too. CONCLUSION After looking at the two approaches, it is seen that both approaches are good  and can work perfectly well depending on the project at hand. TPM due to its detailed planning is the preferred choice for structured project. It is used in large projects that have well understood features and requirements and which involves large teams. Also, TPM is suitable for project that requires little change. APM is the preferred choice for unstructured projects. These kinds of projects have a high level of uncertainty and unpredictability about them. APM unlike TPM involves smaller projects.

buy custom Inflammation and Neuronal Degeneration essay

buy custom Inflammation and Neuronal Degeneration essay ) How the complement cascade participates in neural disease and precipitates injury. The complement system helps antibodies and other immune cells to destroy pathogens from an organism. It forms part of the immune system that does not change and an individual is born with it. The system and part of the innate immunity can also act together with the adaptive immunity. The complement system is made up of a number of proteins found in the circulatory system, synthesized by the liver, and circulates as inactive precursors also called pro-proteins. When the system is stimulated by one of several triggers, proteases cleave certain proteins to release cytokines and start an amplifying cascade of more cleavages (Boglio 89). The result of the activation cascade is a large amplification of the response and activation of the membrane attack complex. Many proteins and fragments make up the system, including receptors in the cell membrane and proteins in serum all of which make up about 5%of globulin in serum. Three pathways initialize the system: the mannose binding lectin pathway, classical pathway, alternative pathway (Rother 68). The main features of the system are lysis which involves rupturing membranes of foreign cells, Opsonization which is enhancing phagocytosis of antigens, clumping of antigen-bearing agents, Chemotaxis where there is an attraction of macrophages and neutrophils. Complement opsonins for example, Clq and C3b interact with surface complement receptors to promote phagocytosis while complement anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a initiate local pro-inflammatory responses that contribute to the protection of the host. Activation of the system to a higher extent has been thought to promote injury to tissues. There is evidence showing that the system is implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders including the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Deposition of complement proteins correlates with areas of demyelination and axonal loss observed in EAE and complement inhibition ameliorates disease. However, the precise mechanisms underlying complement-mediated damage are still largely unknown (Alt 98). The recent use of transgenic animals is beginning to make it clear on the significant additions of the different complement activation pathways in the pathogenesis of experimental demyelin ation. Although the liver is the major source of complement, glial cells and neurons in the CNS can produce most of the 30 different proteins that make up the complex complement cascade. C1q, mannose binding lectin, and C3 stimulate the activation and chemotaxis of inflammatory cells, promote phagocytosis, and facilitate lysis by the membrane attack complex and Levels of complement components are increased in Huntington's disease (HD) Complement activation products, including the membrane attack complex, colocalize with amyloid plaques and tangle-bearing neurons in Down's syndrome. Using differential mRNA display, C1q B-chain mRNA was found to be strongly increased in an experimental model of prion disease (Rother 23). Complement activation can lead to the formation of C3 convertases, multiprotein enzyme complexes that cleave the secreted complement factor C3 into C3a and C3b. The C3a can promote chemotaxis of phagocytic cells. C3b binds covalently to acceptor molecules, initiating formation of the MAC and cell destruction. C3b deposition starts the phagocytosis process of the complement system through receptors that are found on macrophages. Host cells are normally covered from complement activation and self to self attacks by complement proteins bound on the membranes that regulate the system. Whether complement activation in neurodegenerative disorders represents an appropriate injury response or results from an impairment of these regulatory systems remains to be determined (Sherwood 61). 2) The role of the complement cascade in neural disease and injury precipitation. Inflammation is recognized in science as a protective response by a host to injury that has occurred due to physical trauma or infections by pathogenic organisms. It is characterized by features of swelling, redness, pain and heat. But despite its protective role, it also has diverse side effects on the host due to mediators released during this process (Blass 98). In the central nervous system, inflammation is implicated in a wide array of disease pathogenesis including diseases like schizophrenia, Alzheimers, Parkinsons disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. The inflammatory mediators implicated in the pathogenesis include adhesion molecules, complement system, cyclooxygenase system (both the enzymes and products) and cytokines. All the above mentioned components of the inflammatory pathway play a critical role not only in the defensive aspect of the process but also the injurious and albeit unwanted consequence therein. In the central nervous system, they are implicated in the neuronal injury that is a distinct characteristic of all the above mentioned diseases. This is due to the fact that years of research have shown that they are increased in levels in patients with the mentioned conditions. This fact cannot be debated since the use of therapeutic inflammatory modulators has shown success in neurodegenerative conditions such as multiple sclerosis (Blass 89). Although inflammation is essentially a protective event, it may lead to damage of host tissue around the site of the inflammation. For one to unerstand how the injury occurs, it is vital that one knows the events in inflammation. During tissue injury, either due to trauma or the offending toxins released by pathogens that have infected the host, the body releases an array of chemicals meant to carry out certain protective roles. The roles include; to recruit a large number white blood cells to the site of the event thus stopping the infection or preventing its further progression, to increase the blood flow to the affected region thus bringing more nutrition (oxygen and glucose) to the affected tissues and aid in removal of accumulated toxins, and to cause an increase in the size of the tissues (swelling) thus creating a walled off area from the rest of the surrounding tissue that is not affected. The chemicals/mediators that carry out this functions include; cytokines, Prostranoids, Kinins, substance P, Histamine, Serotonin and Nitrous Oxide ( Cutler 15). Cytokines are a family of chemicals that are key in the mediation of the inflammatory process. They are divided into interleukins and interferon. Further divided into those that enhance cellular immune responses, type 1 (IFN-, TGF-, etc.), and type 2 (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13) for antibody (Neal.R. 102). The brain has very distinct and unique features when it comes to inflammation and its response to inflammatory insults. The brain is described as an immunologically privileged site and the tight junctions of the cerebral vasculature prevent large molecules and cells from entering. The brain is also tightly confined in the cranium thus according very limited space for brain tissue swelling. Inflammation in the central nervous system has been implicated in both acute and chronic diseases. Most neurodegenerative central nervous system diseases are due to chronic inflammation. Multiple sclerosis, for example, is one of the most common of these diseases. The exact etiopathogenesis of this disease has not been fully unraveled (Wiley-Blackwell 45). But years of research have shown that inflammation has a key role to play, that of the autoimmune type. Evidence points to autoimmune condition that leads to T-cell activation and deactivation of suppressor T-cells leading to invasion of the central nervous system by the T-cells and macrophages (Prat et al. 2002). This leads to axonal demyelination, consequent degeneration and plaque formation. Both clinical studies and experimental studies (in mice immunized against myelin basic protein) have shown increased levels of TNF-alpha and INF-gamma, which are directly toxic to oligodendrocytes. These, effect on neurons, have been shown clinically. The autoimmune condition that causes release of these harmful cytokines has a snowball effect. The above cytokines lead to stimulation and production of more cytokine, therefore, leading to further disease progression and neurodegeneration. 3) The advantages and disadvantages of pharmacotherapeutics that target adhesion molecules and leukocytic infiltration into the CNS, such as in MS-spectrum disorders. The goal of pharmacotherauptic drugs acting in the CNS is to diminish or breakdown certain immune responses that are triggering by Multiple Sclerosis, while also causing minor side-effects, and not having to weaken the immunity of the body. Multiple sclerosis an autoimmune disease dealing with immune action targeted against central nervous system antigens (Sherwood 67). It is the most common inflammatory-demyelinating diseases targeting the CNS. With the support of the immune system participation in the progress of MS has grown, trials of many different new therapies to suppress the immune response and even alter the system are being conducted. Most therapies are still experimental. Data of recent randomized clinical trials are showing that immunosuppressive drugs that target adhesion molecules and leukocyte infiltration and methods can encouragingly affect the progress of Multiple Sclerosis. Toxic side effects often prevent their overall use. Immunosuppression of the host leaves the patient prone to a number of opportunistic infections. Amongst the many demyelinating conditions that have an effect on the CNS, those induced by an inflammatory process come out because of their relevance. The well described inflammatory-induced demyelinating condition is multiple sclerosis, but the immunity system response is a frequent pathogenic mechanism in less common diseases for example acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Hence, changing of the immune system response is likely to be a best therapeutic choice. The introduction of these pharmacotherauputic agents has dramatically changed how neuro-degenerative diseases can be treated. These agents are immune-modulators, which in essence means, they can change the functioning of your immune system by suppressing or increasing in built immune responses. The more specific the specific target to be blocked is, the less the effect is to the other bodily functions, making the agent more effective. With the use of these agents in neuro-degenerative treatment, serious side-effects from treatment with the agents have been documented; even deaths have been noted with their usage. If there was a preexisting disease, such as tuberculosis or other serious diseases, the risk for severe side-effects from their therapy with these agents increases. Some research has shown their capabilities for increasing cancer through their actions on the body's immunity. Research into these drugs is still continuous and ongoing on the manny disadvantages as their long time use has not yet been documented (Alt 56). Pharmacotherapeutic therapy is very expensive and most times not a probable treatment choice. Their use is limited to those who can afford. Those agents that are approved for use in treating patients with neuro-degenerative diseases can be divided into three types: tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors which block the chemical messengers, T cell modulators that get the T cells and cytokine inhibitors that block specific intercellular connections and all this block leukocyte infiltration and cell adhesions (Lezonni 56). Any increase in strength of multiple sclerosis drugs could affect with the protective immunosurveillance of the central nervous system. One probable impact is an increased prevalence of opportunistic diseases. An increased surveillance for central nervous system infections in the prospect of immunosuppression is important to avoid major side-effects (lezonni 78). Many of these drugs are very helpful in controlling some of these neuro-degenerative diseases, but due to the many side-effects their use is still debatable. 4) Promising targets of therapeutics to be used in treatment of neuroimmunological disorders and the possible impact of such therapeutics on disease progression. Research has been ongoing into the possible development of neurodegenerative disorders treatments. But the main hurdle most researchers face lies in the thin line between the helpful and detrimental effects of inflammation. Delineating these two has proved to be a major headache to researchers. Another major setback is the inability of scientists to be able to identify which specific inflammatory mediators are involved, and the role they play in the different types of acute or chronic inflammatory diseases. In acute central nervous system injury, for example stroke or brain injury, there is a lot of literature available on the specific types of mediators involved and their role. Most of this data was obtained from experimental rodent studies (Sluis 44). In acute injury, research has shown that general anti-inflammatory therapy is helpful in the prevention of serious brain injury. Drugs like aspirin and Statins have been shown to help in management of the above mentioned injuries. Although Statins are known to exert their effects on cholesterol and aspirin on coagulation, most schools of thought do not dispute their anti-inflammatory effect as contributory (John P 42). Apart from these well established drugs in use, research is ongoing to develop drugs that are more specific and target certain mediators. For example, a drug targeting interleukin-1(IL-1) is already in early safety trials and so far no adverse drug reactions have been reported. This drug, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), is being used to reduce levels of IL-1 during inflammation. Interleaukin-1 has been shown to be in increased levels in acute neurodegenaration. It has also been shown to play a role in fever development following brain injury (fever is very common and is detrimental sequelae of brain damage). By decreasing the levels of interleaukin-1, the drug is aimed at reducing the intensity of the inflammatory response and reducing the development of fever. Though this drug has shown so much promise, the main setback is that it is a large molecule and its bioavailability in the brain is reduced since the brain blood barrier keeps most of it out. Researchers are trying to circumvent this short coming by employing cleavage enzymes, soluble receptors and inhibition of expression (Robin Thorpe 67). Apart from targeting interleukin-1, other cytokines can also be targeted and modulated using pharmacological agents. Research on this front is still poorly advanced, but it is still a very promising one. Cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which are widely known to be involved in central nervous system inflammation, can also be targeted. They can either be targeted by employing receptor antagonists or enzyme inhibitors. This would consequently lead to a diminished inflammatory response. Apart from pro-inflammatory cytokines, another target site can be anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10, interferon-beta (IFN-beta) and transforming growth factor-beta amongst others. The data on just how much neuroprotection they accord are very limited, but facts point to their ability to reduce inflammation in the brain (Robin Thorpe 106). Pharmacological agents can be developed either as analogs of these chemicals or by increasing their production through enzyme activities. The inflammatory process can also be targeted by preventing activation of microglia cells. Microglias are types of glial cells that are macrophages in the spinal cord and the brain. They are thus the primary form of active immunological defense in the central nervous system. When activated, they take an amoeboid shape and release cytokines and other inflammatory mediators that lead to neuron degeneration (Blass 100). This modulation can be achieved be achieved by Inhibition of activation, Regulation of chemokine receptor, Inhibition of amyloid deposition and Inhibition of cytokine synthesis. These are just but a few of the targets than can be isolated in the neuroimmflammatory pathway and appropriately modulated to reduce neuronal destruction in neurodegenerative process. By modulating the inflammatory process with the right drugs, the disease process can be halted, and even reversed in the long run. Buy custom Inflammation and Neuronal Degeneration essay

Essays Ancient Egypt and Mascara

Essays Ancient Egypt and Mascara Essays: Ancient Egypt and Mascara Alana Morreal Earth Science 2 Lesson 13 Mascara has been around since ancient Egyptian times, and today, millions of women use it. the main ingredient in mascara is petroleum. when putting on mascara we dont necessarily think of how its made or what its made of or how do we get the ingredients to make it. its shocking to knowing how much time and work can go into a little tube of eye makeup. When making mascara there are two types of methods. One is called the anhydrous method and the second is called the emulsion method. In the anhydrous method the ingredients are measured and weighed. Then they are emptied into the mixing tank. Heat is then applied to melt the waxes, and the mixture is agitated. The agitation continues until the mixture reaches a semi-solid state. The emulsion method is different however. This type is made with a lotion base. The way to make this is, water and thickeners are combined. while the waxes and emulsifiers are mixed and heated separately. Pigments are added before both mixtures are combined in a high-speed agitator called a homogenizer. The result of both methods is a semi-solid substance that is ready to be packaged. When buying mascara we don't really think about what it is actually made of, how it is made and how we get the ingredients to make it. The main ingredient in mascara is petroleum. You can't just get petroleum anywhere. In order to get some you need a petroleum extractor to do this job. The process of getting petroleum is hard. You need to find an open area and cut down all the trees and plants. then you need to start drill holes where the petroleum is then you use a rig to drill deeper holes to extract the petroleum.

How to Make Job Search Sites Work for You

How to Make Job Search Sites Work for You The Internet provides job seekers with an abundance of information about jobs that are currently available. Some online databases are immense. While this provides greater opportunity than job classifieds, the amount of time you might spend going from one job search site to another may be overwhelming. Improvising a plan to utilize the Internet to find a job is a solid decision. However, it is important to choose where you intend to look. Deciding on a job site that gives you what you need increases productivity. Why Use an Online Job Search Site?A primary reason for using an online job search site is the large quantity of jobs available for you to browse. This makes jobs in multiple fields and locations accessible. You are able to look for jobs at different levels from senior to entry levels, letting you target jobs for which you are qualified. Since the pay scale varies according to the job responsibilities and your qualifications, you will not undersell yourself. In addition, you w ill be able to preview jobs you might not have pursued before or look for positions in a different city or state.Important Aspects of the SearchDepending on the job search site, you might need to use keywords in your search. Choosing the right keyword is important, and some job search sites will offer advice on the way to do that. Being able to save searches and specific jobs is likewise important, since you might want to revisit each later.Choosing a Job Search SiteThere are basic questions you need to ask before you decide on one job search site over another. It is vital that a site is trustworthy and checking on a site before using it is a good idea. Making sure that the site updates their listings frequently ensures that you will not be applying for a job that has been filled. In addition, you might determine if using the site will fit in with the amount of time you have to spend. According to Forbes, looking for a full time job should take roughly 25 hours per week.Privacy Poli cyMaking sure that the job search site has a well-defined privacy policy is essential. Since you provide a good deal of information on your application and resume, you want to make sure the information will be protected. A job search site should clearly state its privacy policy for you to review before using it.Using TheJobNetworkTheJobNetwork offers a comprehensive plan for finding a job. You can search using a browse feature and apply for jobs as you find them, or you can upload your resume. In addition, the network searches for jobs on a 24-hour basis, sends you an alert when one is available using skills and preferences you provide and ranks the job according to its match level.When you fill out an online profile at TheJobNetwork, you provide your email address, any demographics you wish to list as well as skills and job qualifiers. You need not list your name or contact information. This allows for anonymity while using the search site and helps to protect your information. How ever, when you fill out an application for a specific job, you will need to provide the employer with your contact information. The more skills and preferences you list, the greater likelihood your search will be successful. As your information updates, you can modify your profile.TheJobNetwork makes it convenient to look for a job online, saves time, matches your search to available jobs, and sends an email alert. Using this strategy widens your job search base and can help you find the best job for you.

Energy saver Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Energy saver - Research Paper Example Literature Review During the 2008 presidential election campaign green energy became an important issue as never before in presidential elections. Both the candidates strongly supported an economy which gave strong support for green energy over fossil energy. The difference lay in that John McCain favored the use of market-based approaches towards this objective Obama emphasized the use of governmental initiatives. (2). Thus progress towards greater use of green energy under the Obama administration would depend on the governmental initiatives put in place and the support levels and success of these initiatives. On Inauguration Day the keenness of the Obama administration can be seen in these words of the White House, â€Å"the energy challenges our country faces are seve3re and have gone unaddressed for a long time. Our addiction to foreign oil doesn’t just undermine our national security and wreak havoc on our environment – it cripples our economy and strains the bud gets of working families all across America. President Obama and Vice President Biden have a comprehensive plan to invest in alternative and renewable energy, and end our addiction to foreign oil, address the global climate crisis and create millions of new jobs. (3, p.64). Words were translated into action by the Obama administration. ... (4). Towards this end the EPA was asked to look into California’s long standing request to set strict tailpipe emissions to restrict the greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, the Department of Transport to develop the regulations to enable the implementation of a 2007 law that required elevated fuel efficiency benchmarks for automobiles and light commercial vehicles by the year 2020. (3). Within the first month of assuming office the Obama administration got the economic stimulus bill passed by Congress. The bill though targeting the severe recession faced by the country, contained several important provisions towards the green energy and environment initiatives. $45 billion within the historic $787 billion bill was meant for energy efficiency, alternate energy programs ad tax breaks towards the use of green energy. $20 billion was set aside for the development of renewable energy power, while $18 billion was meant for environmental projects, and $2 billion towards R&D for ca rbon capture and storage. Tax cuts of up to $7,500 were also provided for those purchasing plug-in hybrid cars. (3). While these initial successes may point to the Obama administration succeeding in its drive towards growing dependence on green energy and lowering dependence on imported oil, the going has become tough, because of the bi-partisan politics involved in it. The Republican party as demonstrated by the John McCain is more oriented to market corrections to lead the way in energy dependence (2). This means that there will hardly any support from the party towards the policy and actions of the Obama administration for increasing use of green energy through government action. This will

The Case against Money and Happiness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Case against Money and Happiness - Essay Example The Easterlin Paradox was first published by Richard Easterlin way back in 1974. The paradox was mainly used to support the argument that a general increase in economical growth by a country, would not necessarily result in increased satisfaction levels by its citizenry (Leonhardt 2008). The argument supported by this paradox, was further supported by research that happened to prove that during the resultant aftermath that followed soon after World War II ended, the economy of Japan underwent a rather significant boom with the general economy’s output growing by an average of about sevenfold between the years ranging between 1950 an 1970. This staggering economical growth caused Japan to eventually become one of the world’s richest nations (Leonhardt 2008). Despite the massive economic growth witnessed in the country, polls conducted in Japan showed that the country’s citizenry appeared to become increasingly dissatisfied with their own lives. According to the re sults of one poll, the overall percentage of persons who happened to provide the most positive of the given possible answers pertaining to the level of satisfaction they were experiencing in their lives actually fell from the averages obtained during the late 1950s through to the early 1970s. It was evidently clear that although the people were richer, they were deemed to apparently not be happier. (Lee & Dwight 2006). The results of this Japanese anomaly are inherently somewhat flawed and money can result in happiness. The truth of this statement was verified by efforts of research conducted by two economists from Brookings Institution in Washington, Mr. Wolfers and Ms. Stevenson who discovered that the original research questions had changed and the most positive answer option that was given by the pollsters was one suggesting that although the respondents weren’t completely happy they were satisfied with their life as it were at the moment. Mr. Easterlin is quoted as writi ng that â€Å"it can generally be observed that persons residing in poor countries displayed a tendency towards becoming generally happier once their economic conditions became more favorable and they were subsequently able to afford their basic necessities. Any further gains on their part did not necessarily increase their income but simply just seemed to actually be resetting the bar†. Easterlin argued that one’s relative income which is basically a reflection of how much an individual happens to earn in comparison to how much other persons around the individual happened to be earning – mattered far way more than a person’s absolute income (Leonhardt 2008). The Easterlin Paradox was quickly adopted by the society and grew to become one of the major social sciences classics that were frequently cited in various academic journals as well as in the popular media (Leonhardt 2008). The Case in Support of Money Causing an Increase in Happiness It can be argue d that an increase in a person’s purchasing power can have the effect of causing a resultant increase in the happiness levels of the person. One of the most common arguments in support of this is that such happiness is generally a resultant feeling of one having more as compared to other persons in the same reference group.

Research paper about an artist and one of his artwork - 1

About an artist and one of his artwork - Research Paper Example This is what David Hockney faced in Bradford, West Yorkshire, where he came from (The Telegraph). He was a young gay guy with fantasies and longings that did not fit with where he was (Dorment). Being gay was not the only trait that made him different. He was also a conscientious objector (The Telegraph). Of course he was also an artist, and it was said that he broke all the rules (Dorment). The early days of his career in art were situated in an interesting time, historically. His art was part of the exhibition that ushered in British Pop Art (The Telegraph). In 1963, he visited New York and connected with Andy Warhol (The Telegraph). He visited Los Angeles, fell in love with it, and he became intrigued with swimming pools and the relaxed Southern California culture (Walker Art Gallery). He painted a series of pool theme pictures, including â€Å"Peter Getting Out of Nick’s Pool† in 1966 (Liverpool National Museums). In a review of an exhibition of this and Hockney’s other Los Angeles works from this period, it is stated that Hockney’s arrival in Los Angeles was like an airplane taking off, the way his career so quickly gathered force and lifted off to become one of the great artistic careers of the 20th century (Dorment). The Hippie movement was happening at the time. The structure of the family, gender roles, sexual expression, standards of privacy and openness were all subjects of experimentation. David was young enough to be influenced by the waves of social change but old enough to be a little more mature than some. The painting perfectly affirmed what he loved and aspects of life he wanted to hold up for the pleasure of others (Dorment). However, he expressed himself honestly while maintaining respect and decorum. One of the main techniques he used to do this was leaving a border or frame of unpainted canvas around the painting. Hockney wanted to emphasise the process of picture-making and the artifice

A Tempest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

A Tempest - Essay Example Caliban represents negritude. Decolonization is at the heart of A Tempest. Caliban struggles for freedom while Ariel collaborates for his freedom. The world of man usually thinks in hierarchical terms. This leads to constant power struggles and revolution when the time is ripe. The black devil-god, Eshu comes along to shake up the hierarchal structure set forth by the colonizer and to promote Caliban's revolution. A Tempest also reflects Cesaire's disillusionment with Communism and his desire for a colonial uprising. Cesaire uses the characters in A Tempest to represent the major ideals dominating the imperial world of the twentieth century. Prospero is the character that represents imperialism. Although Prospero did not voluntarily leave his native country for the purpose of colonizing another land, he fits the criteria of colonizer. Prospero believes that if it were not for him Ariel would still be held captive in a tree and Caliban would be nothing more than a beast. Prospero, the Empire, is: powerful, knowledgeable, strong, and magical. In Act I scene 2 of A Tempest, Ariel expresses regret at the fact that Prospero came and conquered. Ariel wishes that he could have stayed captive in the tree because after all he might have become a real tree in the end. Colonized people surely must have wondered to what heights they would have grown to on their own without the empire crushing down on them. Throughout A Tempest Prospero and Caliban are locked in a constant struggle. Prospero is angry that Ca liban will not accept his position of supposed superiority over him. It's obvious that Prospero has knowledge of magic since he captures, the sprite, Ariel, but one has to wonder if ninety percent of the magic Prospero has over Caliban is actually scientific knowledge that Prospero greedily holds on to and uses to keep Caliban in place. Prospero wants Caliban to believe that he has rescued Caliban from savagery. In a fine example of negritude Caliban proclaims who is mother is; where he came from, and the fact that he would be king of the island if it were not for Prospero. In the book titled Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945, author Tony Judt quotes Charles De Gaulle as saying, " 'In French Africa [] there can be no true progress unless men are able to benefit from it morally and materially on their native soil, unless they can raise themselves little by little to a level where they can partake in the management of their own affairs' " (283). The most remarkable person that Prospero has conquered is Ariel, because Ariel is hardly a person, Ariel is a sprite. Ariel represents the hope that colonized people felt. The hope that one day their freedom would be granted if they performed loyally to the empire and the hope that one day the empire would see them as their equals. The only way that an empire will let go of its hold over a people is to acknowledge the empire's wrong-doing in the first place. Through Ariel's non-violent struggle he believes that he can actually help Prospero gain a conscious. There is a struggle between Ariel and Prospero throughout the text, but it is much more subtle that Caliban's struggle against Prospero. Ariel and Caliban have an understanding that Prospero is the corrupt one. In Robin Kelley's introduction of A Tempest, Kelley paraphrases Cesaire's literary work titled Discourse on Colonialism, "The instruments of colonial power rely on barbaric, brutal

Finance Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Finance Project - Essay Example AMN’s Total margin is negative for both years, but better comparatively in 2011 which is because the expenses incurred are greater than Revenue generated. AMN’s Days Cash on hand is 0, which is because AMN has very less hand and so has no number of days for existing cash to be paid to creditors. AMS’s Days A/R has increased in 2011 and is far more than in 2009. It is mainly due to the fact that A/R has increased, significantly. AMN’s Long term to equity has increased from 0.59 to 1.28, which is because AMN has employed more debt in its capital structure, not only to meet its current but also log-term obligations. AMN’s Sales per FTE has increased a bit in 2011, due to Revenue increasing the same year. Lastly, AMN’s EBITDA has increased to positive figure in 2011 from 2009, which is a significant improvement as AMN has been able to bring its operating income to positive figures. Now it will have to cut on its operating expenses to generate a positive net

Violations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Violations - Essay Example The longer the call lasted, the stronger became my urge to identify myself and say something to the person I called. Violation 2 – Answering the Question â€Å"How are you?† The reactions to this violation were very similar. Whenever I gave them an earful, they looked very surprised. All of them were clearly not expecting me to give them such a long answer. At first, they tried to look interested, but all of them tried to disrupt me as politely as they could. Although this is part of my culture, it made me actually realize that people ask the question without being interested in how I really am. It almost made me wonder why we ask that question in the first place, instead of just saying â€Å"Hello†. Violation 3 – Walk away from a conversation without excusing yourself Most people kept talking to me: they were either asking me where I was going or they were making some kind of ironic remark. Only one person did not say anything at the time and asked me the next day why I walked away without excusing myself. Compared to all other violations, this was the most difficult one, because I felt I was being impolite and disrespectful. It feels bad to just walk away from somebody without excusing yourself or saying anything else, because I have been taught otherwise by my

Finance Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Finance Project - Essay Example AMN’s Total margin is negative for both years, but better comparatively in 2011 which is because the expenses incurred are greater than Revenue generated. AMN’s Days Cash on hand is 0, which is because AMN has very less hand and so has no number of days for existing cash to be paid to creditors. AMS’s Days A/R has increased in 2011 and is far more than in 2009. It is mainly due to the fact that A/R has increased, significantly. AMN’s Long term to equity has increased from 0.59 to 1.28, which is because AMN has employed more debt in its capital structure, not only to meet its current but also log-term obligations. AMN’s Sales per FTE has increased a bit in 2011, due to Revenue increasing the same year. Lastly, AMN’s EBITDA has increased to positive figure in 2011 from 2009, which is a significant improvement as AMN has been able to bring its operating income to positive figures. Now it will have to cut on its operating expenses to generate a positive net

20th century art and culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

20th century art and culture - Essay Example History of art, along with history of science and philosophy, endeavors to record and interpret the ways in which human consciousness perceives and makes sense of itself and the world around it. Ethical principles and cultural values that informed the development of Western civilization are deeply rooted in its classical origins and, therefore, in its heavy reliance on the rationalist school of thought. Classicism, rationalism and humanism - the concept that can be regarded as a derivative of the first two - not only defined the path of Western culture, but also ensured this culture's extreme openness and perceptivity towards other cultures and non-Western schools and systems.This heritage of rationalist philosophy and humanist ethics ensured that in a complex historical situation the 20th century art drew its strength and inspiration from the same humanistic principles and managed to sustain an essentially positive and optimistic view of the oncoming cultural changes, brought on by industrial and social revolutions. On the examples of high modernism in poetry, Cubism in painting and International Style in architecture this essay will attempt to demonstrate the continuity within rationalist and humanist tradition that modern and postmodern Western art displayed. This continuity manifests itself, firstly, in acknowledging the historical sense within modernism, in claiming the indebtedness of the new art to classicism and tradition. Secondly, it expresses itself in questioning the nature of representation and emergence of non-realist schools and movements as a consequence of applying rationalist tools of scientific knowledge to specifically artistic ways of cognition. Thirdly, this continuity is reflected in challenging aestheticist ideas, in growing popularity of instrumentalist theories of art and in the idea of artistic 'engagement' which has undeniable affinity with the concept of humanism. And lastly, the evidence of such continuity can be found in relativel y recent phenomena of internationalization and globalization that affected all postmodern art and invited its interpretation as ultimately, universally humanist. The first half of the 20th century is often perceived as a time of breaking away from tradition, a time of explosive growth of avant-garde schools and movements, a time when new means of representation were being adopted to reflect revolutionary changes in science, technology and societal structures. These movements, despite their belonging to different spheres of art, literature and music, came to be known under a common name of modernism. It is not easily realised and admitted that modernism, for all its innovative spirit and love of experimentation, was fully consequential, if not predictable. It did not come out of nothing; it grew out of a certain tradition and emerged within the paradigm of rationalist and humanist values. An adequate first example to support our argument is T.S. Eliot, a poet who was also one of the first theorists of high modernism. Eliot's poetry is highly innovative in form and style; it bears all characteristics of high modernism (fragmentation, intertextual allusions, rejection of traditional forms and rhyme); at the same time it explicitly states its regard for classicism and tradition. Eliot expressed this regard in his seminal essay "Tradition and the Individual Talent", written in 1919: The historical sense involves a perception, not only of the pastness of the past, but of its presence; the historical sense compels a man to write not merely with his own generation in his bones, but with a feeling that the whole of the literature of Europe and within it the whole of the literature of his own country has a simultaneous existence and composes a simultaneous order. (Eliot, 38) In the poem "Mr Appolinax", part of his most renowned collection, Prufrock and Other Observations, Eliot makes frequent use of classical allusions and conveys the sense of modernity being enclosed within the timelessness

Slavery in America Essay Example for Free

Slavery in America Essay Short Lecture on the Origins of Slavery in America During the century and a half between the arrival of twenty blacks in Jamestown in 1619 and the beginning of the American Revolution in 1776, slavery—something that had never existed in England itself—spread throughout the English colonies, from Virginia it would make its way south into the Carolinas and then out to the frontier, and it would also make its way north into the midAtlantic states and into the farthest reaches of New England. It grew slowly, almost imperceptibly, until it had become so embedded into the American way of life and commerce that colonists eager for wealth imported hundreds of thousands of Africans to work in their fields. During the eighteenth century, slavery became an entrenched and for many colonies, central component of society. But slaves were brought to America to work. First and foremost, it was a system of labor. Colonial America was overwhelmingly agricultural. Many early English colonists had hoped to become fabulously wealth without having to work—much like the Spanish conquistadors who came a century before them, they had great hopes of finding gold, or if not that, then perhaps they would discover the Northwest Passage to the Pacific Ocean, thereby gaining access to the riches of the East Indies. It soon became quite clear that forget about wealth, survival itself was going to be a challenge, and was going to depend on working the land. The New World may not have held the abundant riches colonist dreamed of, but one thing was abundant: land. For the first generation of settlers, feeding themselves took up most of their energy, but in 1617, it was discovered that tobacco seeds, transported from the West Indies, thrived in the soil of the Chesapeake region. (Incidentally, it was Pocahontas’ husband, John Rolfe who successfully planted the first tobacco crop.) Over the course of the seventeenth century, tobacco became a major commodity fad, and would rival tea and alcohol in popularity throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Initial inflated prices for the tobacco would help fuel the development of Virginia. But first, the settlers faced a problem: they had a crop (tobacco), and there was plenty of land to grow it, but what was missing? Labor. Labor is THE problem of colonial America. Who does the labor? Conditions were so dismal in the colony that planters realized the only way they could get people to work for them would  be to force them. That may seem like a less than obvious choice. But these colonists came from a society in England that was highly stratified—the rich and powerful took it as their right to exploit the poor and powerless. In many ways, the early colonists came from a world that was pre-modern—without concepts of cruel and unusual punishment, equal rights, exploitation. In fact, it was a world that took inequality for granted. So there was nothing particularly problematic about the idea of forced labor. And the colonists didn’t particularly care what this forced labor looked like. They needed labor, period. Some seventeenth century colonists were willing to pay freely hired workers, but they also experimented with two sources of unfree labor: Indians and Europeans, before it occurred to them to import Africans on a widespread scale. For a variety of reasons, Indian slavery was never successful. Many Indians simply refused to perform agricultural labor, which they viewed as women’s work. Indians also happened to know the terrain a lot better than the Europeans did, and there was always the risk of Indians escaping and conspiring against their captors. Finally, as we have talked about this semester, the Indians had already disastrously encountered Europeans before the English ever got there, and by the early seventeenth century, there simply were not enough Indians left to meet the labor needs of the colonists—between the outright killing of Indians, and the massive epidemics of Europeans diseases like smallpox and measles, that killed many, and in some areas most, of the Indian population. For these reasons, it was far more common to try to find European laborers. In fact the basis of the seventeenth-century workforce in the southern part of the English colonies were European laborers. Most came as indentured servants. The practice of indenturing, or apprenticing, children and teenagers, and less often adults, to masters was widely practiced in seventeenth-century England as a form of welfare for the poor and way to provide job training. In the colonies however, indentured servitude was primarily used as a way to help European immigrants who wanted to come to  America but couldn’t afford it. By selling themselves into a sort of temporary slavery, in exchange they got a free trip across the Atlantic. For the many indentured servants who ended up in the South where they basically represented cheap labor for eager planters, they found themselves in a form of labor that looked radically different from England—it was much harsher, and much more exploitative. Further, while most servants came to American voluntarily, some arrived after being kidnapped or sentenced for criminal behavior. Most adults would be indentured for four or five years, but children often served seven years or more. During their indenture, servants were essentially slaves, under the complete and unchallenged authority of their masters. Masters could whip their servants, could prevent them from marrying, and even sell them to others. Initially, indentured servitude boomed in the colonies because it met the needs of planters as well as the needs of Europeans eager to migrate to the colonies. One of the great advantages for landowners was that they were granted land based on how many servants they held, thereby increasing their landholdings—fifty acres for every person they transported to the colonies. So for example, when Virginia planter John Carter imported eighty indentured servants in 1665 to work for him, he received four thousand acres. For the growing class of colonial landowners, indentured servitude was a win-win situation—cheap labor, more land, and an elevated social status by virtue of the fact that they had authority over other human beings. Of course, we have to ask what was in it for the indentured servants. During this time in England, a civil war had disrupted the whole social and economic order. Indentured servitude provided a way out of hardship—an escape from poverty, hunger, unemployment, prison—and a chance to start over in a new place, and perhaps even prosper. The people who volunteered to ship out were overwhelming young and male—they came from the bottom half of society, and had little hope of anything if they stayed in England. For roughly ten-percent of those who came to America as indentured servants, things worked out basically as they had anticipated—they were able to work off their indenture, and managed to find some economic prosperity of their own. But for that other ninety-percent, things turned out pretty badly. Most  indentured servants ended up working in the tobacco fields of Virginia and Maryland. They worked for men who were desperate for wealth, and were going to get as much work out of their servants as possible before their terms of service were up. Many servants ran away—if they were caught, they faced whippings, or brandings or even physical mutilation, and their terms of service would often be extended. Many others died—as many as half of all servants in the seventeenth century Chesapeake died while in service. Some who survived might become independent craftsmen or even landowners, but that was rare. Add to this that there were far fewer women in these colonies than men, most male servants were unable to find wives and so they remained single. You ended up with a very large class of men who had no family, no roots, no stability, no money, a sort of permanent underclass of discontent laborers. Black slaves had been introduced to the Chesapeake region in 1619, when a Dutch captain sold twenty Africans in Virginia. But it was not entirely clear at first that the status of black laborers in America would be fundamentally different from that of white indentured servants. In the rugged conditions of the seventeenth century south, it was often difficult for Europeans and Africans to maintain strictly separate roles. In some areas—South Carolina for example, where the number of African arrivals increased more quickly than anywhere else—whites and blacks lived and worked together on terms of relative equality. Some blacks were treated much like white hired servants, and some were freed after a set term of service. A few Africans themselves became landowners, and some apparently owned slaves of their own. But as a whole, in these early days of the American colonies, the cost of African slaves remained out of reach for most people. Not only did slaves cost more money u p front than did indentured servants, there was always the risk of a slave dying, and then your entire investment would be lost. So, although blacks continued to trickle into the colonies throughout the seventeenth century, up until the 1680s, the non-Indian population of the British colonies remained overwhelmingly white. As long as a steady supply of indentured labor continued to come, colonists saw little reason to go to  the expense and trouble of importing large numbers of Africans, who, unlike English laborers, would have to go through a longer period of adjustment—to a new culture, a new language, new customs—before they would become productive members of the workforce. But everything changed in the 1680s.   The problem with indentured labor was that it was temporary—at some point, servants had to be freed. That meant not only did you continually lose your workforce, but as the population increased in the colonies, there was a greater and greater demand for labor. You would need more and more indentured immigrants to meet this growing need. But as it happened, in the 1680s, there was a sharp decline in the number of English migrants arriving in America under indenture. Part of the reason is that the political situation in England had stabilized, and the economy was improving, so there was less of an incentive to leave. At the same time, as immigrants looked across the ocean at America, it didn’t seem quite as attractive as it once did. With more people settling in the colonies, it became harder and harder to get land. And since land was the way to get rich in early America, without land you had little hope of climbing the economic la dder. So for these reasons, fewer ships arrived carrying new immigrant laborers. By the end of the century, it became clear that indentured Europeans could no longer meet the labor needs in the Southern colonies. In another twist of history, at the same time that the number of new indentured Europeans arrivals declined, the price of African slaves suddenly dropped. Colonial planters didn’t care where the labor came from, or what the laborers looked like, they were simply desperate for it. Indians slave labor obviously hadn’t panned out, European indentured servants were harder to come by. But by the mid to late seventeenth century, some colonists, especially those in the Virginia and Maryland colonies, were becoming enormously wealthy off of the tobacco trade, and as the prices of African slaves dropped, these wealthier colonists started thinking that perhaps African slaves were the answer to their labor problem. Another turn of events sealed the fate of slavery in America. As we noted,  the problem with indentured servants is that at some point, you had to free them. These ex-servants were often male, young, poor, without roots, without much hope of ever owning land or practicing a trade. So as terms of service came up, a growing class of young, rowdy, unskilled, impoverished men were let loose into a society that had no place for them. And this made these young men angry, and violent. So they led rebellions in 1663. And in 1675. And 1683. People were killed, chaos ensued. And this of course troubled the planters. How do you stop ex-servants from running amok in the countryside and causing trouble? Well, one solution is that you don’t let them go free. But the idea of holding European servants in permanent bondage was inconceivable. As unjust, and at times horrific, as things might have been for indentured servants, they were still protected by certain legal rights that the English government had ensured. Among those rights of course, is that they could not be held in permanent bondage. Here again, African slaves provided an answer to the problem. As captives from a foreign land, they had no rights, no protection. As slaves, they would expect to be held in permanent bondage. What other advantages might African slaves provide? Compared to Indian slaves or European servants, they posed a greatly reduced risk of successful escape. They often did not know the geography of the region, and would have had little knowledge of where to go. Further, and most obviously, their skin color gave them away. It was a lot more difficult for a black runaway slave to blend into the population than it was for a white indentured servant, or an Indian slave. By the end of the seventeenth century, only about one in ten of the residents of the colonies was African. But because Africans were so heavily concentrated in a few southern colonies, they were already beginning to outnumber Europeans in some areas. The high ratio of men to women among African immigrants (two men for every one woman in most areas) impeded the natural increase of the black population. But in the Chesapeake at least, more new slaves were being born by 1700 than were being imported from Africa. In South Carolina, by contrast, the difficult conditions of rice  cultivation—and the high death rates of those who worked in the rice fields—ensured that the black population would barely be able to sustain itself through natural increase until much later. Between 1700 and 1760, the number of Africans in the colonies increased ten times to about a 250,000. A relatively small number lived in New England; there were slightly more in the middle colonies. The vast m ajority, however, continue to live in the south. By then the flow of white laborers to that region had all but stopped, and Africans had becomes securely established as the basis of the southern work force. But the most important thing to note about the shift from indentured labor to slave labor is that American colonists first turned to African slavery not because of any particular idea about race, or some kind of ideological desire to enslave black people, but for a very practical reason: the flow of indentured white labor had dried up. English people already had certain stereotypes of Africans that helped them feel more comfortable with their enslavement. First, Africans were â€Å"black† in contrast to the English people’s own sense of themselves as white. Europeans had numerous word associations with colors—white was associated with purity, cleanliness, godliness, while black could mean anything from dirty to evil. Secondly, English people perceived Africans as savage and uncivilized. English people saw African culture as very different from their own, and if it was different, it must also be inferior. Finally, English people saw Africans as heathens—and at a time in Europe when wars were being fought over exactly what kind of Christian you were, to be not Christian at all was deeply suspect. Unquestionably, English people definitely saw themselves as very different from Africans, and no doubt their negative stereotypes of Africans helped to shape ideas of race during the early years of slavery. But as much as the English were struck by differences between themselves and Africans, throughout much of the seventeenth century, enslaved black laborers were treated nearly the same as other lower class laborers. There were few lines between blacks and lower-class whites during the first decades of  settlement. Indentured servants had many of the same constraints as slaves, and the two groups often lived together, worked together, played together, sometimes slept together, and ran away together. In terms of our idea of slavery and racism in America, seventeenth-century race relations were remarkably flexible. There were no impenetrable barriers that separated races. Although almost all blacks came to the colonies as slaves, most whites came as unfree laborers as well, and the two groups had a lot in common. But two things separated white unfree laborers from blacks. First, white laborers could eventually earn their freedom, while for the most part, black slaves served for life. But more importantly, the majority of white laborers came to America voluntarily. None of the Africans did. Involuntary would become the most important thing that would lead to a permanent separation between white and black workers. Desire to attract white immigration put limits on how harshly indentured servants could be treated. Gradually, the status and treatment of European migrants improved. An increasing number of new immigrants were literate and possessed skills that enabled them to take advantage of opportunities that the growing colonial economy offered. By the beginning of the eighteenth century, very few white servants in the South still worked in agricultural labor. Agricultural labor was left almost entirely to blacks, who as involuntary migrants could not be lured away by the same economic opportunities offered to whites. The status of white migrants rose in inverse proportion to the status of black laborers, whose own status became more clearly defined. By the eighteenth century a rigid distinction had become established between black and white. Colonial assemblies began to pass â€Å"slave codes† limiting the rights of blacks in law and ensuring almost absolute authority to white masters. One factor, and one factor only determined whether a person was subject to the slave codes: color. In contrast to the colonial societies of Spanish America, where people of mixed race had a different and higher status than pure Africans, English America recognized no such distinctions. Any African ancestry was enough to classify a person as black. Over the next century, white Americans would come to the conclusion that black people were biologically and inherently suited for slavery. By the  middle of the eighteenth century, racism would become hardened, whites and blacks sharply separated, slavery entrenched as THE labor system of the southern colonies, as well as legally established in the northern colonies. Whether slave or free, blacks would be kept at the bottom of society for generations to come. In the decades preceding the American Revolution, slavery spread throughout all of the colonies. In the North, where labor was less dependent on slaves, slavery became a luxury more than anything else. But in the Chesapeake colonies, slavery formed the backbone of an economy that became almost entirely based on tobacco. Throughout the colonial period, Virginia had the highest population of the colonies, and more importantly, the highest value of exports. On the eve of the American Revolution, slaves made up about two-fifths of the entire population in Virginia, but in the tobacco-producing areas along the Chesapeake, they made up at least half the population. In South Carolina, they constituted a majority of the population. In Georgia they made up close to half of that colony’s population. At the same time, demand for slaves in the North began to decline. And as the Revolution approached, many northerners began to sense a disconnect between the language of liberty and democracy on the one hand, and the practice of slavery on the other. Although only faint at the end of the eighteenth century, a line began to be emerge between the South, where slavery was solidly entrenched, and the North, where it was not.

Meditation: Does it Alter the Mind and the Body? :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Meditation: Does it Alter the Mind and the Body? BEEP BEEP BEEP!!!! 9:00 am starts flashing on your alarm clock and you immediately run through your "to do list" for the day. It's a long list, filled with classes, meetings, homework, meals, exams...etc. Being the master of multitasking, I have a tendency to perform various tasks at once. As a result, my concentration level decreases while my stress level increases. How can this lack of concentration and stress level be fixed? Many people turn to meditation, but does this practice actually work? And if so, how does meditation work to change the mind and the body? Meditation is defined as "...engagement in contemplation, especially of a spiritual or devotional nature...an attempt to concentrate mind on a single form or an idea or an aspect of divinity at the exclusion of all other forms and the ideas. The mind is focused inwards, and this effort of concentration acts as stimulus to gain access to the knowledge of the object of meditation" (1). The practice of meditation involves both psychological and physiological changes. For example, the altering of breathing patterns and thought processes. But does meditation guarantee mental and physical change? Meditation forces an individual to gain complete control of their inner self. But, what exactly is the inner self? The subconscious is an integral constituent of the internal mind. It is located deep in the core of the mind, acting as the center of emotions, behavior, creativity, and imagination. In addition, subconscious maintains good health (2). Does meditation allow an individual to open the hidden doors of the subconscious mind? What is the difference between the subconscious and conscious mind? You can think of the conscious mind as known knowledge while the subconscious mind is unknown knowledge. Meditation taps into the subconscious mind and uncovers veiled realities about the inner self. To investigate whether meditation affects the mind, studies were performed on subjects practicing meditation techniques. In conclusion, the experimenters discovered an increase in productivity, improved relations at work, increased inner potential, increased strength of self-concept, and red uced anxiety (3). All these factors can be thought of as being an element of an individual's subconscious mind because it involves behavior and thought procedures. Moreover, the focus of one image steers an individual away from multitasking and toward greater concentration. In a sense, an individual becomes more aware of their inner self as a result of focused attentiveness.

Isolation Theme in Grendel :: essays research papers

Isolation Have you ever felt as though you’re alone in the world, even though you are not? In the book Grendel, the main character is the last of his species, excluding his mother who might as well be non-existent in the novel. Grendel is a monster who speaks a language very similar to that of the humans he watches almost constantly. He feels a certain attachment to them throughout the whole novel, but he is unable to become close to any of them due to his horrifying form. The humans are terrified of Grendel, and attack him whenever he comes near. He feels completely isolated, as do many people in our world. The story begins with a flash-back into Grendel’s early years. He is all alone even then, but he is too young to realize it and fills this void with imaginary friends. He talks about how he entertained himself during his early years saying â€Å"Crafty-eyed, wicked as an elderly wolf, I would scheme with or stalk my imaginary friends, projecting the self I meant to become into every dark corner of the cave and the woods above† (17). People in our world may invent imaginary friends also, sometimes for companionship, as part of play, or for other reasons. Imaginary friends can serve as an important source of companionship to some children and even adults, especially if companionship is absent for them in the social world. As an example â€Å"young children in boarding schools often develop imaginary friends to cope with extreme stress and separation from their intimate relations† (www.phycologytoday.com/z10/fl/mllr.7se.php) Finding a mate is hard for Grendel, especially because he’s the last of his species. However, he still has the same emotions as humans when it comes to love. He first encounters these unfamiliar emotions when Hrothgar is given a wife named Wealtheow. Grendel thinks she is beautiful, and starts to rethink his war on the humans when he contemplates killing Wealtheow, saying to himself â€Å"It would be meaningless, killing her. As meaningless as letting her live. It would be, for me, mere pointless pleasure, an illusion of order for this one frail, foolish, flicker-flash in the long dull fall of eternity.† (108). Even though he is a monster, he still feels the same emotion of love that humans do. Grendel and the humans share a common language, but the humans’ disgust for, and fear of Grendel precludes any actual meaningful exchange.

All Quiet on the Western Front: Corruption of Power theme Essay

Power. The word itself instigates a conundrum of fear and attraction. The attraction for it, the attraction for more, and the attraction for seeking the absolute highest boundary of it. Those who thirst for it see visions of wealth, vast expansions territory, and above all, the ability to do whatever one wants whenever he wants. And those who thirst for it will seek it through whatever means necessary, whether it be a fistfight or a war. Necessity is the basic derivation for all hostility and aggression; therefore, power, and its corruption, is the source of all war. Such corruption is exemplified in the World War I novel, All Quiet On the Western Front, by Erich Remarque, through the eyes of the platoon leader, of the military officials, and of the highest level of power in Germany at the time, the Kaiser. The bottommost level of power represented in All Quiet On the Western Front is the platoon leader, who is given a pack of soldiers to bully around under his abusive authority. The authority figure in the novel is Corporal Himmelstoss, who is to train the newly enlisted soldiers in the ways of war. He is described as a semblance of Louis Napoleon in the novel; â€Å"a small undersized fellow with a foxy, waxed moustache† (Remarque 23). Immediately the description of Himmelstoss triggers an image of a short, power-hungry figure, the figure that suffers from what many refer to as â€Å"small-man’s syndrome.† His image is further emphasized in the statement: â€Å"He had a special dislike of Kropp, Tjaden, Westhus, and me, because he sensed a quiet defiance† (Remarque 23). Himmelstoss’s dislike for these soldiers is not directly related to the fact that he supposedly â€Å"sensed defiance†, but more so to his will to push the soldiers around. He focuses his efforts on Tjaden, the â€Å"skinny locksmith†¦[who] is and always will be as thin as a rake† (Remarque 2-3). To make up for his lack of size and strength, Himmelstoss attacks the thinnest, soldier of the pack, who he assumes to be the weakest. However, when Himmelstoss loses his position of authority, he is not so brave. In the Front, during invasion, Paul Baà ¼mer finds Himmelstoss in the dug-out â€Å"pretending to be wounded. His face looks sullen. He is in a panic†¦He does not stir, his lips quiver, his moustache twitches† (Remarque 131). Himmelstoss is not a powerful man on his own, but under the spell of a powerful position, he is corrupted, and abuses it to  disguise his own weaknesses, allowing him to gain some form of power. The next level in the military edifice of power lies in the competitive military officials. With the increased level of power comes an increased level of corruption–and an increased level of consequence. Himmelstoss may have instigated hostility, even hatred, from his platoon, but the corruption of a higher military official may result in deaths. In a desperate effort to continue the attack on France, mass drafts occur, and the officials immediately send the untrained recruits to the front line. Paul Baà ¼mer states that the recruits â€Å"are helpless in this grim fighting area, they fall like flies. Modern trench-warfare demands knowledge and experience† (Remarque 129). The officials, in order to look good by fighting the war long and persistently, rush these recruits into battle, where they fall like flies. The officials carry out this inhumanity again and again, but it is not only for the sake of â€Å"looking good,† but for the desire of getting promoted, f or the desire of gaining more power. The head of power in Germany, and therefore the one able to command all those below, is the Kaiser, Wilhelm II. His position is so incredibly grand and authoritative, that he is seen almost as a form of deity. When Paul Baà ¼mer sees the Kaiser in person, he is â€Å"really rather disappointed; judging from his pictures I imagined him to be bigger and more powerfully built, and above all to have a thundering voice† (Remarque 202). This false impression of his emphasizes the disguise of power. Under his disguise, the Kaiser is viewed as giant, mighty warrior enthroned with gold and silver. In reality, he is a man unlike any other man in power, greedy and vicious. A man so powerful, Tjaden believes â€Å"he has everything he can want already† (Remarque 205). If he has everything he can want, why does he persist in the war? There is no limit to his demand for power, and so he pushes his officials further into battle, as they push their soldiers further into bloodshed. The war Wilhelm II creates is not only devastating physically, but instigates what is known as the â€Å"lost generation.† Paul Baà ¼mer describes his experience, being â€Å"lost† because of the war. He â€Å"will never be able to be [indifferent and hopeless] again. [He] was a soldier, and now [he] is nothing but an agony for [himself]† (Remarque 185). His flourishing life was  thrown away in the war and gave way to an indifferent automata, and after his leave, he is emotionally in between war and life, in â€Å"No Man’s Land.† An entire generation of soldiers, of human beings, of lives, is destroyed through emotion and severe disturbance. And for what? For Kaiser Wilhelm II to seek that highest boundary of power. Power is a recurrent theme in All Quiet On the Western Front, in three different levels: the mindless soldier, the aspiring military official, and the boundless Kaiser. Each one desperately seeks power in an effort to make themselves appear stronger. The quest for this is usually a corrupted one, and corruption creates consequence. The more power one acquires, the more devastating the consequence. When, if at all, will the quest for power end? The corruption is inevitable.

Death of a Salesman Essay AP English III

Death of a Salesman Essay Wily Loan is a symbolic icon of the failing America. He is representing a typical chaser of the American dream in the sass's. He experiences a tragedy in his life where he was trying to find his place in his own life with his sons leaving, growing old, and an escalating sense of stubbornness. Wily was Just one of many Americans that experienced a great tragedy during this time which was a reason that led up to the great depression in 1929. This makes a symbolic icon of the failing America during this time.Wily Loan had a life most people admired while his sons were still in high school. He had a Job and was very happy at that time. His son Biff was the high school quarterback and was very good at his position. This made Wily extremely proud and hoped he would see his son go off to play football at the college level. He was very content with his life at this point and this symbolizes the booming American economy before the Great Depression. Wily soon got too caught up in the idea of the American Dream, to be hard working and honest among other things.He soon began to get greedy in the idea of the American Dream along with other things that went wrong. His pride soon escalated and prevailed in the worst way. Biff reveals to Wily that he has failed his senior math class and will not have enough credits to graduate high school. This incident highlights and really reveals Willis stubbornness for he Just thinks Biff could just go to summer school and get the credits he needed to graduate. It was not that simple as Wily soon learned. Biff then tells his father he is going to go to an interview or an important high paying Job and Wily is very excited for him to get the Job.Biff ends up not going to the interview because he felt he was not able to get the Job. As he tries to tell his father what happened, Willis stubbornness again shows as he would not even let Biff explain what had happened. Wily keeps talking and interrupting his son saying t hings as if he got the Job. This causes very high tension between the two and leads to a huge argument at the end of the play that indirectly leads to Wily killing himself. Another incident that escalates to the tragedy that occurs in the play is when Biff catches Wily cheating on his wife.Biff is heartbroken, in shock, and angry all at once and leaves the scene leaving Wily questioning what has become of him and started to realize his life was not what it used to be, but his stubbornness still prevailed. At the end of the play the whole family meets together at their house. A significant argument breaks out mostly between Biff and Wily about how stubborn and blind he really is. Wily ends up telling Biff to get out of his house and Biff says he never wants to come back. The argument was the deciding factor hat led up to Wily getting in his car and killing himself.In the end, Willis stubbornness and pride led to things such as the arguments between him and Biff, him getting fired and refusing to take another Job out of pride, and lack of realization that he was slowly setting the stage for his own demise. Wily was Just another lower middle class American stuck in the idea of the American Dream. Along with many other Americans during the time, he symbolized the failing America of the Great Depression of the sass's and even the digressing American economy of today.